Th···re···t ···dy···al···ed···ac···at··· e···ci···y ···a ···op···oc···ly··· p···es···si···Zn···an···ui···in···di···ul···so··· p···me···s ···h ···po··· d···it···fr···en···an···im···Th···es··· s···ed···at···ac···at··· e···ci···y ··· i···ea··· b···0%···en···tr···ni···rr···at··· w···co···ne···it···ho···at···ti···ro···s ···th···re···ce··· n···ra···ig··· C···ar···n ···in···iv···on···fi···nc···n ···to···al···c,···tr···ni···nd···no···al···c ···ce···s ···ng···ch···ch···co···as···mo··· b···er···id···if··· t··· i···ti···io···ff···en···s ··· s···n ···th···ol···in···rd··· u···as···c ···ad···io··· s···ca···ys···< ···to···al···s ···on···ot···ta···is···ur···rm···, ···ct···ti···me···ni···of···no···to···al···s ··· p···os··· S···ie···f ···ct··· o···en···ec··· (···) ··· z··· i··· (···su···+<···p>···el···e ···lu···on···ve···d ···t ··· p··· a···y ···e ···ba···ri···in···iv···on···th···th···Zn···p>···/s···. ···me···li···of···te···em···ne···M)···d ···er···mb···e ···) ···E.···li···ct···al···ll···er···tu···d ··· e···bi··· t··· s···ph···ca···ys···in···as···th···er···bi···y ···OM···d ···si···fi···tl···Th···nh···ed···ct···al···ac···at··· e···ct··· s···ph···ca···yt···pr···ss···nt···ut···to···ou···c ···it···on···on···ta···is··· Z···an···on···ra···n ···no···on···r/···co··· 2··· E···vi···B.··

随着···技和···术的···纳米···生态···来越···视。···以Z···米流···究对···究了···纳米···物理···和生···，并···超声···,Z···米流···性变···及Z···米流···态毒···。研···纳米···流体···氏阴···阳性···有细···，其···毒性···浓度···流体···物粒···低和···场的···增加···超声···，与···关的···超声···、超···、超···等对···纳米···细菌···一定···。实···显示···、高···超声···得更···菌效···超声···1m···内时···10···的抗···最好···in···着时···加，···果也···显。···O纳···和超···作用···统中···的存···nO···体产···毒性···之一···协同···纳米···一定···使细···膜的···发生···细胞···透实···光试···显示···O纳···单独···，峰···h后···在超···同作···细胞···通透···更快···度值···5h···。然···独使···O纳···相比···的协···有增···外膜···性。···膜的···实验···超声···作用···胞内···透性···于单···O纳···作用···。

Co···na···n ···di···fe···on···th···gi··· a···nt···s.··· t··· w···, ···ct···ti···of··· c··· u···g ··· n···fl···s ··· u···as···d ···ev···at··· G···th···rv···of···ct···a ···e ···es···at···to···ve···th···na···va···n ···iv···es··· Z···na···lu··· a···ul···so···. ··· e···ct···f ···bi···io···f ··· n···fl···s ··· u···as···d,···tr···un···im···ul···so··· i···ct··· p···t ··· t···in···ti···or··· o···nO···no···id···nd···tr···un···er···tu···d.···e ···ul···su···st···th···co···na···n ···Zn···an···ui···an···lt···ou···gi··· b···er···ac···at··· e···ct··· E···ol···he···om···in···it···in··· d···nf···io···et···. ···ra···nd···r ···s ···pe···nO···no···id···nh···ti···ba···ri···et··· t··· u···as···d ··· 3··· /···s.···tr···un···nd···io···oi···(a··· h···2 ···or···r)···d ··· a···ct··· Z···na···lu··· t···xh···t ··· i···bi···g ···pe···. ···uc···n ···ra···nd···io···o ···in···nO···no···id···ho··· t···be···r ···ct···ti···ef···t ···E.···li···he···su··· a··· d···la··· t··· i···hi···or···ul···so··· w···ma···y ···ke···s ···re···ea···nt···ep···ns···d ···a ···in···ti···me···d.···(2···) ···ns···ch···bl···ti···, ···tz···an··

Due to the rapid elevation of health standards and the limited water resources, decontamination and disinfection have become a challenging aspect of water/wastewater treatment. Traditional disinfection in water/wastewater treatment is associated with limitations, such as the production of toxic disinfection by-products. With the development of nanofluids, there is more and more interest in using nanofluids in environmental sectors, especially in water/wastewater treatment. Nanofluids are not strong oxidants and are not expected to produce harmful disinfection by-products. Nanofluids exhibit good disinfection properties against a wide range of bacteria, including Gram-negative, Gram-positive and spore bacteria. Several patents disclose the typically used types of nanofluids and their possible disinfection/decontamination mechanisms. The use of different nanofluids and their applications in different water/wastewater treatment have also been reviewed in this paper.

Du···o ··· r···d ···va···n ···he···h ···nd···s ··· t···li···ed···te···es···ce···de···ta···at··· a···di···fe···on···ve···co···a ···ll···in···sp··· o···at···wa···wa··· t···tm···. ···di···na···is···ec···n ···wa···/w···ew···r ···at···t ···as···ia··· w··· l···ta···ns···uc···s ··· p···uc···n ···to··· d···nf···io···y-···du···. ···h ··· d···lo···nt··· n···fl···s,···er···s ···e ··· m··· i···re···in···in···an···ui···in···vi···me···l ···to··· e···ci···y ···wa···/w···ew···r ···at···t.···no···id···re···t ···on···xi···ts···d ··· n···ex···te···o ···du···ha···ul···si···ct··· b···ro···ts···an···ui···ex···it···od···si···ct··· p···er···s ···in···a ···e ···ge··· b···er··· i···ud··· G···-n···ti··· G···-p···ti···an···po···ba···ri···Se···al···te··· d···lo···th···yp···ll···se···yp···of···no···id···nd···ei···os···le···si···ct···/ ···on···in···on···ch···sm···Th···se··· d···er··· n···fl···s ··· t···r ···li···io···in···ff···nt···te···as···at···tr···me···ha···al···be···re···we···n ···s ···er···co··· 2··· B···ha···ci···e ···li···rs···r/·

Th···wo···in···ti···es···e ···in···ti···pr···rt···f ··· n···fl···s,···cu···g ···H2···pr···ct··· a···th···is···ec···n ···iv···es··· Z···su···ns···s ···h ···fe···t ···ti···s/···re···es···he···ss···e ···in···ti···me···ni··· o···nO···sp···io···ar···na···ed···n ···s ···k,···me···m ···l ··· u··· t···ro···e ··· s···en···ns···th···ff···nt···ze···f ···ti···s/···re···es···ur··· t···mi···ng···oc···, ···e ··· s···en···n ···pl···(A··· w··· p···uc··· X···y ···fr···io···XR···an···yn···c ···ht···at···in···DL···an···se···ev···ed···at···te···il···g,···e ···e ···Zn···ar···le···gg···at···in···e ···pe···on···ec···se···Di···fe···on···st···H2···de···ti···as···s ··· f···re···nt···al···s ···e ···d ···ex···re···e ···in···ti···ac···it··· a···me···ni···of···O ···pe···on···Di···fe···on···st···es···s ···we···ha···ll···e ···du··· Z···su···ns··· e···bi··· d···nf···io···ct···ty···ai··· E···er···ia···li···nO···sp···io···wi···sm···er···rt···es···gr···te···ho··· b···er···si···ct··· a···vi···s.···e ···se··· o···2O···n ··· s···en···n ··· a···ys··· T···H2···de···ti···as··· s···es··· t··· t···e ···1μ···2O···n ···g/···nO···mp···A,···il···he···wa···o ···2 ···se···in···O ···pl···. ···ug···es···s ···we···ha···he···wa···o ···2 ···se···in···O ···pl···, ···pl··· w··· a···ze··· 9··· s···ed···e ···t ···in···ti···ac···it···. ···or···en···te··· d···ct···th···th···nt···ct··· b···ee···. ···i ···id···si···s ··· Z···Sa···e ···as···ch···st···an···or···ff···en···Th···st··· f···tl···em···tr···d ···t ··· s···en···ns···th···ff···nt···rt···es···gr···te···ro···ed···ff···nt···ou···of···O2···es···s ···ge···d ···t ···2 ···re···ns···e ··· t···di···fe···on···ti···y ···la···r ··· p···ic···/a···eg···s ···le···e ···er···io···et···n ···ll···Zn···ar···le···gg···at···an···es···e ···id···s ···po···bl···or···e ···in···ti···ac···it···f ···ll···Zn···ar···le···gg···at··· ©···13·

Th···wo···in···ti···es···e ···in···ti···pr···rt···f ··· n···fl···s,···cu···g ···H2···pr···ct··· a···th···is···ec···n ···iv···es··· Z···su···ns···s ···h ···fe···t ···ti···s/···re···es···he···ss···e ···in···ti···me···ni··· o···nO···sp···io···ar···na···ed···n ···s ···k,···me···m ···l ··· u··· t···ro···e ··· s···en···ns···th···ff···nt···ze···f ···ti···s/···re···es···ur··· t···mi···ng···oc···, ···e ··· s···en···n ···pl···(A··· w··· p···uc··· X···y ···fr···io···XR···an···yn···c ···ht···at···in···DL···an···se···ev···ed···at···te···il···g,···e ···e ···Zn···ar···le···gg···at···in···e ···pe···on···ec···se···Di···fe···on···st···H2···de···ti···as···s ··· f···re···nt···al···s ···e ···d ···ex···re···e ···in···ti···ac···it··· a···me···ni···of···O ···pe···on···Di···fe···on···st···es···s ···we···ha···ll···e ···du··· Z···su···ns··· e···bi··· d···nf···io···ct···ty···ai··· E···er···ia···li···nO···sp···io···wi···sm···er···rt···es···gr···te···ho··· b···er···si···ct··· a···vi···s.···e ···se··· o···2O···n ··· s···en···n ··· a···ys··· T···H2···de···ti···as··· s···es··· t··· t···e ···1 ···M ···2 ···0.···/l···O ···pl···, ···le···er···as··· H··· p···en···n ··· S···le··· T···gh···su··· s···ed···at···er···as··· H··· p···en···n ··· S···le··· S···le···wi···a ···e ···93··· s···ed···e ···t ···in···ti···ac···it···. ···or···en···te··· d···ct···th···th···nt···ct··· b···ee···. ···i ···id···si···s ··· Z···Sa···e ···as···ch···st···an···or···ff···en···Th···st··· f···tl···em···tr···d ···t ··· s···en···ns···th···ff···nt···rt···es···gr···te···ro···ed···ff···nt···ou···of···O2···es···s ···ge···d ···t ···2 ···re···ns···e ··· t···di···fe···on···ti···y ···la···r ··· p···ic···/a···eg···s ···le···e ···er···io···et···n ···ll···Zn···ar···le···gg···at···an···es···e ···id···s ···po···bl···or···e ···in···ti···ac···it···f ···ll···Zn···ar···le···gg···at··· C···n ···yr···t ··· 2··· P···is··· b···ls···er···d.···l ···ht···es···ed·