城市空间构成对悬浮颗粒物分布的影响机理与控制

项目来源

国家自然科学基金(NSFC)

项目主持人

赵敬源

项目受资助机构

长安大学

项目编号

51678058

立项年度

2016

立项时间

未公开

项目级别

国家级

研究期限

未知 / 未知

受资助金额

65.00万元

学科

工程与材料科学-建筑与土木工程-建筑物理

学科代码

E-E08-E0803

基金类别

面上项目

关键词

城市空间 ; 微气候 ; 构成模式 ; 控制指标体系 ; 悬浮颗粒物 ; urban space ; constructive mode ; suspended particle ; microclimate ; control index system

参与者

鱼晓惠;刘伟;蔡辉;王琼;夏博;刘凌;马西娜;吕楠;沈童

参与机构

中国人民武装警察部队工程大学

项目标书摘要:当下我国频发的雾霾天气是多种因素综合作用的结果,其本质是悬浮颗粒物在城市空间特殊局地气候特征下引发的极端积聚现象。城市微气候影响了悬浮颗粒物扩散分布,为雾霾形成和持续提供了热力和动力因子。因此,揭示城市空间悬浮颗粒物的扩散规律,建立空间构成与颗粒物扩散之间的因果关联,调控城市空间构成模式以形成利于颗粒物扩散、减少其积聚的微气候环境,才是解决雾霾天气的根本途径。基于此,本项目立足于城市空间悬浮颗粒物浓度的时空演变,通过对不同设计指标如容积率、建筑密度和建筑高度;不同空间构成如街区整合度、建筑群离散度、建筑组合等情况下悬浮颗粒物扩散分布的测试和模拟研究,揭示空间形态与界面构成对悬浮颗粒物分布的机理和作用方式。在符合传统城市控规指标的前提下,提出控制悬浮颗粒物扩散的系列空间构成指标体系,形成调控空间构成优化局地微气候来减轻城市雾霾的的策略途径,为生态型城市规划建设提供理论依据和设计措施。

Application Abstract: At present China's frequent haze weather is the result of various factors.The essence of the haze weather is the extreme accumulation of suspended particles under the special local climate conditions in the urban space.The special microclimate of urban underlying influences the diffusion and distribution of suspended particles and provides the driving force for the formation and persistence of the haze weather.So,the fundamental solution to the haze weather is to reveal the diffusion regulation of suspended particles in the urban space,to create a cause and effect relation between the structure of the space form and the diffusion of the suspended particles and to summarize how to regulate the space form in order to form the microclimate in which the diffusion of the particles will be decreased.Therefore,based on the temporal-spatial evolution of suspended particle density in urban space,through the test and simulating research on the distribution of the suspended particle under different meteorological conditions,different design index such as plot ratio,building density and building height,different construction such block integration,building group dispersion and building combination,the project aims to reveal the action mechanism and mode of urban space form and space construction on the distribution of suspended particles and find strategies and means to reduce the urban haze by adjusting urban space form and optimizing microclimate.The research results will provide the theoretical basis and design measures to build the ecological city.

项目受资助省

陕西省

项目结题报告(全文)

揭示城市空间悬浮颗粒物的扩散规律,建立空间构成与颗粒物扩散之间的因果关联,调控城市空间构成模式以形成利于颗粒物扩散、减少其积聚的微气候环境,是解决雾霾天气的根本途径。基于此,本项目以西安为例,按照街区——组团——典型城市节点三个层级展开研究:通过大规模的城市调研和三维矢量数据抓取,归纳建立了西安市不同类型的城市空间构成现状规律数据库;通过对5个典型街区,88个居住小区,城市滨水空间、城市公园、市民广场、住区绿地、高架桥、工业建筑组团、传统街谷、海绵型街谷等多种对城市热污环境演变带来明显作用的典型城市节点,采用无人机巡航测试、现场多点实测等方式进行了微气候的冬夏季测试,分析阐释了西安市不同城市空间热污环境时空分布规律;通过筛选适当的分类分级指标体系,利用LUR模型、MGWR模型和多尺度CFD模型,解析揭示了不同层级城市空间构成与城市热岛和悬浮颗粒物分布之间的耦合机制和演变规律;在此基础上,构建开发了基于GIS的城市大气污染物扩散模型;给出局地微气候调控的相关城市空间构成指标体系、推荐阈值和分级分类的规划管控定量指标与定性策略,最终形成从“分类机制”→“扩散模型”→“定量阈值”→“管控策略”的城市空间构成优化的调控策略途径,为生态型城市规划和建设提供理论依据和设计措施。项目研究完善了城市微气候控制的基础理论,确立了核心指标体系,编制了城市大气污染物扩散模型程序,推荐了了相关规划设计参数和分类管控措施,为预测、优化调控城市微气候提供了科学工具和规划设计措施方法,取得了良好的社会效益。研究成果发表论文20篇,编著专著两本,形成专利5项,参加国际学术会议10人次,国内重要学术会议多人次,培养建筑技术科学及城乡规划学方向硕博研究生6人,申请省级人才1人次,依托本项目研究团队获批省级重点领域科技创新研究团队,并与规划管理部门合作开发微气候管控平台,保证了功能区规划生态性与可行性的统一,对生态型城市布局和环境控制具有重要的理论价值和工程示范效应。

  • 排序方式:
  • 6
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  • 1.城市建成区平面形态与城市热环境关联性研究——以西安市为例

    • 关键词:
    • 建成区平面形态;城市热环境;地表温度;单窗算法
    • 于汉学;李弘颖
    • 《西安建筑科技大学学报》
    • 2023年
    • 06期
    • 期刊

    随着我国城市化进程的快速发展,建设用地扩张引发的城市下垫面属性变化对城市热环境产生了日益严重的负面影响.以探究城市建成区平面形态与城市热环境的相关关系为研究目标,以西安市城六区为研究对象,基于Landsat遥感影像提取2002—2021年间的城市建成区边界并得出其平面形态的量化参数,同时通过地表温度反演计算出对应年份地表温度的各项指标,而后对两者进行相关性分析,结果表明地表温度最大值与建成区平面形态的面积、周长具有高显著性的相关关系,最终分别对两组数据通过曲线拟合建立数学模型并得出其具体的函数方程,为城市热环境的优化设计提供参考.

    ...
  • 2.城市化进程中关中地区典型乡村微气候研究

    • 关键词:
    • 城市化;乡村微气候;ENVI-met;行道树;人居环境
    • 辛凯;赵敬源;王霄;张建新
    • 《2020/2021中国城市规划年会暨2021中国城市规划学术季》
    • 中国四川成都
    • 会议

    本研究以城市化高速发展阶段(2003年)、中高速发展阶段(2013年)以及城市化新常态阶段(2018年)为背景,以关中地区典型乡村为研究对象,选取典型夏季日进行实地测量,运用微气候数值模拟软件ENVI-met探讨研究区域微气候时空变化。结果表明,ENVI-met可以较好地模拟关中地区乡村微气候;在2003年-2018年间平均温度增加0.66℃,平均湿度减小1.59%,并且随着透水下垫面占比的减小,研究区域平均温度增加而平均湿度减小;相比较于2003年-2013年的温度与湿度变化幅度,2013年-2018年变化较低;以关中常见树种悬铃木作为行道树对研究区域进行优化模拟,可知行道树对村庄降温增湿效果比较明显,日平均降温为1.16℃,湿度平均增加3.57%。本研究对乡村人居环境整治规划具有重要意义。

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  • 3.BREEAM 2018与《绿色建筑评价标准》的对比研究

    • 关键词:
    • BREEAM2018;绿色建筑评价标准;对比研究
    • 吴钟奇;夏博;赵敬源
    • 《第十五届国际绿色建筑与建筑节能大会暨新技术与产品博览会》
    • 中国广东深圳
    • 会议

    开展绿色建筑的评定工作是建设绿色建筑的一个重要环节。通过对英国最新颁布的BREEAM2018与我国的《绿色建筑评价标准》GB/T 50378-2014进行系统的对比,从评价指标、权重、评价方式、评价结果等方面比较了BREEAM与《绿色建筑评价标准》中的异同点,发现《绿色建筑评价标准》在内容构成及绿色建筑评定工作方面存在的不足,并在绿色建筑体系的评级分类、更新速度等方面提出改进意见,以完善适合我国国情的科学的绿色建筑评价体系。

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  • 4.基于住户视角的学习型绿色住区平台建设研究

    • 关键词:
    • 绿色建筑;认知需求;社会学习;绿色住区
    • 韩婧;夏博
    • 《第十五届国际绿色建筑与建筑节能大会暨新技术与产品博览会》
    • 中国广东深圳
    • 会议

    通过对国内绿色建筑运行情况与国外低碳建筑经验分析,发现管理者可以基于社会学习理论利用社交网络与社区机构来满足建筑使用者对节能技术的认知需求。结合我国国情提出概念性的平台,采用社会—技术系统组织方式进行搭建。利用该平台可以帮助建筑使用者进行社会学习,同时储存并分析调查数据,为今后我国绿色住区的发展提供一定指导。

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  • 5.西安市海绵型生活街谷微气候优化研究

    • 关键词:
    • 海绵型生活街谷;SET;微气候;单因素分析;多因素寻优
    • 李文涛
    • 指导老师:长安大学 赵敬源
    • 学位论文

    街谷,是一个城市的基本构成单元,街谷内的热环境质量,直接关系到居民、行人的舒适感和临街建筑的能耗。随着海绵城市建设的普及,城市中出现了越来越多的由海绵型道路和临街建筑围合而成的街谷,称为海绵型街谷。由于下垫面材质不同,海绵型街谷与传统街谷的能量传递方式有明显差异,因此有必要对海绵型生活街谷的热环境方面开展研究。本文首先通过调研和实测分析,归纳出海绵型生活街谷与传统生活街谷冬夏两季的微气候差异;随后,采用单因素分析方法,分别总结出不同高宽比、街谷走向和绿化率对街谷内微气候影响;最后,采用多因素寻优方法,以街谷内冬夏两季SET值综合得出的舒适度时长为判据,对西安地区的海绵型生活街谷微气候进行优化;研究显示:西安地区,街谷走向呈田字形,道路多采用南北走向和东西走向。在此基础上,综合考虑冬夏两季,冬季高宽比对海绵型生活街谷热舒适性影响程度大于夏季;冬季街谷走向对于海绵型生活街谷热舒适性影响程度大于夏季;夏季行道树绿化带对海绵型生活街谷热舒适性影响程度较小。东西走向海绵型生活街谷,微气候最优设计方案为高宽比1.76,冠幅直径5m,树冠间距4m,绿化覆盖率45%;微气候最差设计方案为高宽比0.28,冠幅直径5m,树冠间距15m,绿化覆盖率7%;南北走向海绵型生活街谷,微气候最优设计方案为高宽比1.76,冠幅直径5m,树冠间距4m,绿化覆盖率45%;微气候最差设计方案为高宽比0.28,冠幅直径5m,树冠间距15m,绿化覆盖率7%。本文的研究结论可以为海绵型街谷在西安市及同类气候区进一步推广提供理论和工程技术支撑。

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  • 8.The effect of various urban design parameter in alleviating urban heat island and improving thermal health-a case study in a built pedestrianized block of China

    • 关键词:
    • Thermal environment in microscale region; Urban heat island; PET;Thermal health
    • Ma, Xuan;Zhang, Lei;Guo, Mi;Zhao, Jingyuan
    • 《ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH》
    • 2021年
    • 28卷
    • 28期
    • 期刊

    Increasing urban heat island and global warming have aroused serious thermal environmental problems and even harm people's thermal health. Because of the importance in people's daily life, a commercial pedestrianized block represents a symbol of a city or metropolis; therefore, focusing the attention on the thermal environment in such regions is very necessary. Most of the researches on the urban thermal environment are calculated by remote sensing data; limited by the low spatial resolution of remote sensing image, it may not obviously reflect the true thermal environment of the research site, especially in some microscale regions. Based on this, the new software ENVI-met is developed to research the thermal environment and forecast people's thermal sensation in a microscale region. Therefore, the objective of this study aims at conducting field measurement and numerical simulation to assess the thermal environment of a typical commercial pedestrianized space in southern China and assess the different urban design parameters in ameliorating the urban heat island effect. Our final results demonstrate a quantitative evidence for establishing a comprehensive standard for improving the thermal environment in a microscale region, and this study also can be a supplementary in the research field about improving thermal health.

    ...
  • 9.The outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort and behavior in a traditional residential settlement-A case study of the cave dwellings in cold winter of China

    • 关键词:
    • Cave dwelling settlement; Energy efficiency; Field measurement;Numerical simulation; Questionnaire survey;HOT-SUMMER; URBAN MICROCLIMATE; ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; BUILDINGS; CLIMATE;ADAPTATION; SIMULATION; DESIGN; REGION; INDEX
    • Ma, Xuan;Zhang, Lei;Zhao, Jingyuan;Wang, Mengying;Cheng, Zhi
    • 《SOLAR ENERGY》
    • 2021年
    • 220卷
    • 期刊

    Many Chinese are living in the traditional buildings, especially in rural regions. Cave dwelling settlement is a significant living residential form in China. Because of the special thermal adaptive behavior, residents in such regions will have a different thermal sensation in winter. In order to assess the local's thermal behavior, we conduct the field measurement, numerical simulation and questionnaire survey in a caving dwelling settlement in winter, and the index-PET (physiological equivalent temperature) is evaluated for assessing the outdoor thermal conditions in the research site. The final results show that the neutral temperature of local traditional dweller is 16.5 degrees C PET, lower than existing standard, also proves that local residents are more tolerant than the residents in urban regions. At last, we strongly make an appeal to put forward the different assessing standard of thermal comfort in rural and urban zone, even the two different sites are in the same climate zone, thus help to improve energy efficiency in rural regions of China.

    ...
  • 10.Assessing air quality changes in heavily polluted cities during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Xi'an, China

    • 关键词:
    • Quality control;Spatial distribution;Planning;Air quality;Correlation methods;Air pollutants;Case-studies;Correlation analysis;COVID-19 pandemic;Government restriction;Indicator of emission;Monitoring sites;PM$-10$;PM$-2.5$;Quality change
    • Han, Li;Zhao, Jingyuan;Gu, Zhaolin
    • 《Sustainable Cities and Society》
    • 2021年
    • 70卷
    • 期刊

    Chinese government has instated strict restrictions to halt the spread of COVID-19. Given the complete shutdown of emission-resources, like traffic, factories, restaurants, and construction sites, responses to this pandemic have wrought unintended consequences in air quality. We assessed air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of PM2.5, PM10, and O3 in Xi'an, China, and revealed the relations between air quality and potential emission resources. We gleaned pollutant concentration data of O3, PM2.5, and PM10 from five monitoring sites and identified their trending during the observed periods. We also deployed ArcGIS to interpolate points among data detected by 130 monitoring sites and obtained spatial distribution of pollution during the observed periods. Correlation analysis helped us reveal the relations between pollutants and seven sources. The results showed that during the lockdown section, the concentration of O3 rose by 100.61 %, and those of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped by 22.4 % and 20.7 %, respectively; and during the recovering section, the concentration of PM10 increased by 12.8 %. The spatial distributions also helped us identify two high-polluted areas and two risky areas where PM10 increased sharply. The correlation analysis also implied that decreasing emission sources is the key to improve air quality. Our study also suggests that coordinated control on ozone and particles should be the focus in the future, and the two high-polluted and the two risky areas require immediate administrative interference. Our study can be a valuable reference for public propaganda on green life and governments' sustainable development strategies. The research method for Xi'an might also inspire similar studies on other cities.
    © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

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