We analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal-hauling road dust (CRD), rural road dust (RRD), and urban road dust (URD) collected in Shenmu City, Shanxi Province, China, using GC–MS. A total of 37 aromatic compounds were identified. Total PAH concentrations in CRD ranged from 1672.6 to 66149.9ng/g (mean: 15845.7ng/g), which were significantly higher than those in RRD (348.1–2539.1ng/g; mean: 1062.4ng/g) and URD (442.9–1181.6ng/g; mean: 812.3ng/g). The distribution patterns of alkyl PAHs in CRD suggested petrogenic and mixed sources, whereas those in RRD and URD were dominated by pyrolytic inputs. Diagnostic ratios further indicated mixed sources for PAHs in CRD, whereas PAHs in RRD and URD were more strongly influenced by pyrolytic sources. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model indicated that PAHs in CRD were mainly contributed by coal dust/particle dispersion (53.3%), followed by coal/biomass combustion (19.8%), diesel vehicle exhaust (17.4%), and gasoline vehicle exhaust (9.5%). In contrast, PAHs in RRD and URD were mainly attributed to coal/biomass combustion (39.2%), followed by coal dust/particle dispersion (31.5%), diesel vehicle exhaust (15.8%), and gasoline vehicle exhaust (13.5%). Health risk assessment suggested that CRD posed a carcinogenic risk but did not pose a non-carcinogenic risk, whereas RRD and URD posed no appreciable health risks. However, these risk estimates may be underestimated because alkylated PAHs were not included. Effective measures should be implemented to control PAH emissions during coal transportation, thereby mitigating potential impacts on the environment and public health. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.

This study collected particulate matter (PM) samples from 20 dust samples in the Zhubai mining area, Linyi City, Shandong Province, China, using a laboratory resuspension particle sampling system. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5, PM10, and total PM (PMtotal) were quantified using GC/MS/MS, identifying 32 aromatic compounds. PAH concentrations decreased in the order of PM2.5 (66.46 +/- 43.56 mu g/g), PM10 (19.96 +/- 10.95 mu g/g), and PMtotal (15.13 +/- 12.09 mu g/g), with levels significantly higher than previous reports in soil/dust systems. PM2.5 and PM10 profiles were similar, dominated by low-ring PAHs like naphthalene and phenanthrene, while high-ring PAHs associated with combustion appeared at very low levels. PMtotaldiffered markedly, with reduced naphthalene and increased proportions of combustion-related PAHs like fluoranthene, chrysene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The coefficient of divergence (CD) suggested that particle size impacts PAH composition, indicating that distinguishing fine and coarse particles is crucial for accurate pollution assessment. Diagnostic ratio characteristics revealed mixed PAH sources, emphasizing the need to consider local pollution sources for accurate source apportionment. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model identified three primary PAH sources: coal/coal gangue particles (42.2%), coal/biomass combustion (34.6%), and traffic emissions (23.3%). Surface dust from coal mining areas, influenced by unburned coal and coal gangue, likely significantly contributed to atmospheric particulate matter once resuspended.

茶叶末釉古瓷作为最早出现的结晶釉之一，开展深入研究可明确其矿物晶体特征、呈色机理以及古代烧制工艺，丰富古陶瓷数据库。目前相关研究多来源于二十世纪末，样本稀少且囊括的年代和窑口严重不足，所用科学仪器多已淘汰，亟需更多实验分析与数据支撑。本文采用光学显微镜（OM）、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）、扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDS）、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱（LRS）、飞行时间二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）等现代科学仪器对北宋定窑茶叶末釉样本中矿物晶体开展了分析和表征。结果表明，釉中主晶相与辽金龙泉务窑一致，为钙长石和辉石；釉面整体表现为酱-黑色釉基质富铁（Fe2O3含量均值9.73%）和矿物结晶富铁（Fe2O3含量均值11.33%），除α-Fe2O3和Fe3O4晶体等熔后重结晶矿物，还有铁镁尖晶石、残余高岭石等未融熔矿物，反演出制釉原料中有镁的加入以及烧成温度可能低于1200℃，异于前人高温烧制的观点。SIMS离子成像揭示了胎釉交界处为厚约20～80μm的钙长石晶体层，而非化妆土或玻璃态的致密反应层。研究揭示了茶叶末古瓷中Fe元素不均匀富集，部分区域过饱和而析出含铁矿物晶体，釉面颜色则主要由黄褐色的矿物晶体斑点和酱-黑色玻璃基质共同组成，同时ToF-SIMS在古瓷原位微区的形貌结构和元素分析上效果显著，能够辨别钙长石、碱性长石等微米级矿物。

汉代女性干尸着鲜艳的红-蓝-浅黄三色羊毛纤维编制的华丽服饰，以织物片段作为研究样本，主要采用飞行时间二次离子质谱(TOF-SIMS)法对其染料进行表征。离子成像与高质量分辨数据显示：红色纤维表面衍生出汞同位素离子202Hg+和199Hg+、汞-硫离子(HgS+，m/z 234)、硫同位素离子32S-和34S-等指示其染料属于天然无机矿物朱砂(HgS)；蓝色则出现目标化合物的准分子离子m/z 263([M+H]+)，以及合理的碎片离子系列，如m/z 235(C15H11N2O+)和m/z 247(C16H11N2O+)等，指示其呈色来自经典天然植物有机染料靛蓝(C16H10N2O2，分子质量262.074 2)；浅黄纤维未检出有机染料(如姜黄)或无机染料(如铁黄)，其呈色或许是白色羊毛自然老化陈旧所致。本工作展示了擅长微区原位与超高灵敏度检测的TOF-SIMS法既适用于有机染料分析，也适用于无机染料分析，该方法有望在考古和博物馆馆藏相关研究中获得广泛应用。

Mercury, a highly toxic environmental pollutant with a global circulation, must be controlled worldwide. Taking the Wuda underground coal fires, one of the most severe coal fire disaster areas in China, as a typical case, this paper systematically introduces the serious environmental output and strong environmental pollution of mercury from underground coal fires. Smoke with unusually high mercury concentrations was released from surface vents and cracks, resulting in significant enrichment of mercury in the air and surface sediments. A portion of mercury (particulate and reactive gaseous mercury) was deposited near the fire zones, but the positive high mercury fluxes of the surface soils indicated that mercury would again escape from the soil-air interface. The annual gaseous mercury emissions from the underground coal fires in China were estimated to reach 4.85 tonnes. Underground coal-fired mercury can be identified as an essential part of the global mercury cycle. Although some remediation measures were implemented, the development of coal fires proved difficult to control and was destined to be accompanied by the continuous release of mercury. Given the widespread distribution of coal fire cases worldwide, mercury pollution from underground coal fires deserves attention in the future.

在内蒙古乌海市乌达区采集了覆盖200 km~2的地表土样232件,利用Lumex RA-915汞分析仪测定其汞含量,结果表明:煤矿区、工业园、城区、农场及外围区地表土汞含量均值分别为210 ng/g、200 ng/g、76 ng/g、62 ng/g和42 ng/g;与乌达区地表土和中国潮土汞背景值相比,煤矿区和工业园地表土汞含量明显富集。煤矿区地表土汞富集成因以地下煤层及地表矸石自燃为主;西北部沙漠对矿区地表土汞浓度具有稀释作用,且稀释强度沿风向增强;煤电、氯碱产业等工业点源大气汞排放是影响工业园区地表土汞分布的主控因素;城区、农场地表土汞偏高区域,多集中在与矿区、工业园交接地带。运用Muller地积指数进行污染评价,结果显示,乌达区煤矿区19%区域达到中度及以上污染程度,偏重污染占比2%;工业园中度及以上污染占比18%,偏重污染占比7%,重污染占比2%;城区、农场和外围区域污染较少。

云贵川交界区农村流行地氟病且曾以"土"拌煤作为生活燃料的现象普遍,煤系地层广泛出露且前人观察指出当地拌煤"土"常取自煤系地层风化土.本文以采自该区7个县域的71件煤系地层出露风化土为样本进行研究,结果表明,52%的风化土呈酸性,pH均值为4.62（2.39—5.54,n=37）;硫酸根含量显著偏高,均值达到1778μg·g-1(295—13086μg·g-1,n=71);氟含量总体偏高,均值达到751μg·g-1(237—1764μg·g-1,n=71).酸性风化土的pH与其硫酸根含量的负对数-lg C[SO2-4]成正相关（r=0.75）,表明风化土中酸的存在形式可能为酸性硫酸盐如KHSO4或Na HSO4,而后者可能源自煤系地层中黄铁矿的风化.在一定条件下（燃烧）,风化土内部的酸与氟在燃烧条件下的相互作用可能导致氟化氢释放,且风化土中氟与高硫煤在燃烧条件下相互作用可能加剧氟化氢释放.

Coal-seam fire is a source of atmospheric mercury that is difficult to control. The Wuda Coalfield in Inner Mongolia, China, is one of the most severe coal fire disaster areas worldwide and has been burning for more than 50 years. To investigate atmospheric mercury pollution from the Wuda coal fire, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and atmospheric particulate mercury (PHg) speciation were measured using a RA-915+ mercury analyzer and the temperature-programmed desorption method. Near-surface GEM concentrations in the Wuda Coalfield and adjacent urban area were 80 ng m(-3) (65-90 ng m(-3)) and 52 ng m(-3) (25-95 ng m(-3)), respectively, which are far higher than the local background value (22 ng m(-3)). PHg concentrations in the coalfield and urban area also reached significantly high levels, 33 ng m(-3) (25-45 ng m(-3)) and 22 ng m(-3) (14-29 ng m(-3)), respectively (p < 0.05). There is no clear evidence that PHg combines with organic carbon or elemental carbon, but PHg concentration appears to be controlled by air acidity. PHg mainly exists in inorganic forms, such as HgCl2, HgS, HgO, and Hg(NO3)(2)center dot H2O. This work can provide references for the speciation analysis of atmospheric PHg and the safety assessment of environmental mercury.

Coal fire sponges (CFS) are common in coal-fire areas. Due to the enrichment of Hg in CFS, large amounts of Hg are released by CFS into the atmosphere via natural weathering or solar radiation. Therefore, CFS should be of concern in Hg pollution management and control globally. In addition, CFS changes the Hg cycle path by capturing Hg from coal fires that would have entered the atmosphere. In this study, the concentration, distribution, species, and enrichment mechanism of CFS Hg were investigated. The results showed that the Hg concentration in CFS ranged from 1008 to 35,310 ng/g, with an average of 8932 ng/g (CFS number, n = 153). The Hg concentration of CFS in different types of land was found to be significantly inhomogeneous. To determine the status of subterranean spontaneous combustion, the Hg concentration was added, which can improve the effect of coal-fire monitoring. Compared to the background area topsoil, CFS was enriched in Hg, acid, SO42−, and total fluoride. The Hg species in CFS was primarily HgSO4, followed by HgO. However, the primary Hg species in the surrounding topsoil were HgCl2 and HgO. By the simulation experiment, it was determined that hydrofluoric acid (HF) was beneficial to activate the stable species in the coal-fire areas. HgCl2, HgO, or Hg0 were ionized by acid liquor or HF, which can promote Hg migration and increase the adsorbed ratio; in the presence of SO42−, the primary Hg species was HgSO4. Ultimately, Hg was absorbed by clay minerals and organic matter. The high-efficiency activation of steady Hg species by the coal-fire HF should be studied further. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.