为了明确宁夏地区蔬菜上潜叶蝇的发生危害情况及其天敌寄生蜂的种类组成。本研究对宁夏地区蔬菜上的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行采样调查，利用形态学方法对潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行鉴定。2016—2019年，宁夏地区有5种潜叶蝇发生危害，包括豌豆彩潜蝇（Phytomyza horticola）、美洲斑潜蝇（Liriomyza sativae）、南美斑潜蝇（L. huidobrensis）、番茄斑潜蝇（L. bryoniae）和葱斑潜蝇（Liriomyza chinensis），其中，美洲斑潜蝇发生数量和寄主植物种类均最多，尤其嗜好葫芦科植物；番茄斑潜蝇仅在油菜（Brassica campestris）和番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）上发现危害，且危害程度较低。潜叶蝇上寄生蜂的种类包括4科17属27种，从发生数量和寄生范围来看，优势种主要是芙新姬小蜂（Neochrysocharis formosa）和豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂（Diglyphus isaea），其中，芙新姬小蜂1,129头，占总数41.81%；豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂458头，占总数16.96%。宁夏地区的潜叶蝇对作物造成了不同程度...

为明确青海省为害蔬菜的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂种类，2016年至2019年在青海省采用随机取样法调查并收集田间被潜叶蝇为害的蔬菜和杂草等的植物叶片，对羽化出来的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行形态鉴定。研究共发现4种潜叶蝇，包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和入侵种南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、美洲斑潜蝇L.sativae和番茄斑潜蝇L.bryoniae。其中豌豆彩潜蝇为害最重，其次是南美斑潜蝇。同时共调查到4种潜叶蝇的寄生蜂3科(姬小蜂科、茧蜂科和金小蜂科),共35种。其中发生数量最多的是普金姬小蜂Chrysocharis pubicornis,其次是豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea。综上，青海省蔬菜上的潜叶蝇有加重为害趋势，在实际生产时应及时对豌豆彩潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇的发生进行预测，并制定防治措施，同时鉴于青海省潜叶蝇的寄生蜂种类较为丰富，应充分保护和利用寄生蜂资源，尤其是2种优势种寄生蜂普金姬小蜂和豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。

辽宁省是东北地区重要的“菜篮子”生产基地。蔬菜易受到潜叶蝇的为害，导致蔬菜产业的健康发展受到威胁。为了更好防控蔬菜上的潜叶蝇，本研究对辽宁省潜叶蝇和寄生蜂进行本底资源调查。以辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类和多样性为切入点进行田间调查，采用随机取样法，于2016-2020年调查辽宁省蔬菜、花卉以及杂草上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的种类和多样性，并基于形态特征与COI基因序列对潜叶蝇和寄生蜂的种类进行鉴定。结果显示，辽宁省共鉴定出5种潜叶蝇，包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis，入侵种美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii和番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae；其中发生最为优势的种类为豌豆彩潜蝇，其嗜好十字花科和菊科植物；寄主谱最广的是美洲斑潜蝇，发现危害7科17种植物。共发现潜叶蝇的寄生蜂41种，从发生数量来看，以姬小蜂科最多（7 816头，占比78.84%），其次是金小蜂科（1 533头，占比15.46%）、茧蜂科（549头，占比5.54%）和瘿蜂科（16头，占比0.16%）；姬小蜂科的多样性指数和丰富度指数均最高，瘿蜂科均匀度指数最高；豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea（4 385头）是优势种，占寄生蜂总数的44.23%。本研究填补了辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类及多度调查的空白，为该省份潜叶蝇的防治和天敌寄生蜂的深入研究奠定了理论基础，同时建议加强对辽宁省的豌豆彩潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的防治，发挥当地优势寄生蜂如豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂对潜叶蝇的生物防控作用。

Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a dominant parasitoid that attacks agromyzid leafminers. Two reproductive types occur in D. wani: arrhenotoky (in which virgin females produce only male offspring; and virgin females mate with males to produce bisexual offspring) and thelytoky (in which virgin females produce female offspring). As a potential biological control agent, exploring the differences in the relevant biological parameters of both strains is necessary. In this study, comparisons between the two strains of D. wani were performed by evaluating the life table and host-killing rate. The thelytokous strain exhibited significantly better life table parameters than its arrhenotokous counterpart. Higher values for the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, net reproductive rate, and fecundity were found in the thelytokous strain. The thelytokous strain also performed better than the arrhenotokous strain in terms of net parasitism, host-feeding, host-stinging, and total host-killing rates. Thus, populations of the thelytokous strain could grow fast and kill more hosts. In conclusion, the thelytokous strain of D. wani may be the more promising biological agent against agromyzid leafminers compared to its arrhenotokous counterpart. Also, since the thelytokous strain of D. wani is only known to produce females, it should be given priority in future biocontrol applications owing to the cost savings of breeding only females.

Leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse family of small-bodied insects that feed on living plant tissues as larvae. Various species in this family are considered globally invasive and have caused great agricultural economic losses. In China, economically important vegetable crops have been seriously damaged by these pest insects, especially by species of the genus Liriomyza. However, these species are difficult to differentiate because of their morphological similarities, and the Chinese fauna remains poorly known. To explore the relevant pest species in China and their phylogeny, agromyzid leafminers were collected from 2016 to 2019, and identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. In total, 27 species from five genera of Agromyzidae were sampled and identified, including 16 species of Liriomyza. Both mitochondrial and nuclear genes were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate the divergence time. Highly congruent and well-supported phylogenetic trees were obtained using the Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods. This analysis revealed two main clades in Liriomyza, and clade 2 was inferred to have diverged from clade 1 approximately 27.40 million years ago (95% highest posterior density: 23.03- 31.52 million years ago) in the Oligocene. Differences were observed in the distribution patterns and host associations between the Liriomyza clades. Clade 2 species are distributed in cool, high-latitude environments, suggesting that they may have evolved into a cool-adapted lineage.

Aim: Research on population genetic patterns and potential distribution dynamics can provide insights into the development of pest management strategies. Herein, we integrated population genetic analyses with the climatic niche approach to investigate spatial population genetic variations and potential geographical distribution (PGD) of the herbivorous pest Phytomyza horticola. We also analysed its population response patterns to both late Pleistocene climatic events and future climate change.Location: China.Methods: We analysed the patterns of genetic diversity distribution in 29 populations from 19 regions across China using three mitochondrial (COI, COII and Cytb) genes as markers. We estimated demographic histories using neutrality tests, mismatch distributions and Bayesian skyline plots. Changes in PGD were assessed using an ecological niche model.Results: High genetic diversity was found in most populations, and the northern population exhibited higher haplotype diversity. The population genetic structure included the Tibet lineage and a large lineage comprising the remaining populations. Demographic analyses indicated that rapid population expansion occurred during the cold Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, our projections suggested that P. horticola currently has a vast PGD in China, for which the human influence index was the strongest variable. Large areas of cold northern regions were highly suitable for its survival. Under future global warming, highly suitable habitats will shift towards the higher latitudes.Main conclusions: P. horticola is widely distributed across varied environments, which may be attributed to its high degree of genetic variation. Human activities likely facilitated the current PGD and the frequent gene flow that homogenized differentiation among most populations. In addition, P. horticola exhibits strong adaptability to cold climates and environments from the past to the future. Considering future climatic changes, prevention and control should focus on high-latitude regions, and vigilance regarding human-mediated pest dispersals and outbreaks should be maintained.

Diglyphus Walker, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an economically important genus including species acting as biocontrol agents against agromyzid leafminer pests. A new species of Diglyphus, Diglyphus difasciatus Liu, Hansson & Wan, sp. nov., was discovered during the identification of agromyzid leafminers and their associated parasitoid wasps collected from 2016 to 2022 in China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of COI, ITS2 and 28S genes. Diglyphus difasciatus is similar to D. bimaculatus Zhu, LaSalle & Huang, distinguished by two interconnected infuscate vertical bands on the fore wing and the color of the scape. Molecular data support D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus as two different species. The mean genetic distances between D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus were 11.33%, 8.62%, and 0.18%, based on the COI, ITS2, and 28S genes, respectively.

当两种寄生蜂同时利用同一寄主资源时,它们之间通常会发生竞争作用,而具有寄主取食特性的寄生蜂种间竞争作用会更为复杂。潜叶蝇是危害蔬菜、花卉等经济作物的一类重要小型害虫,寄生蜂种类多。外来斑潜蝇在我国的入侵扩散危害,加剧了潜叶蝇的危害态势。潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea （Walker）和芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa （Westwood）（Hymenoptera:Eulophidae）是世界上潜叶蝇类害虫的两种优势和具有较强寄主取食特性的寄生蜂,且在田间常常同域共存发生。本研究在室内条件下,将不同释放模式的寄生蜂（单独vs.联合释放）释放于含有20头（低寄主密度）或40头（高寄主密度）二龄末-三龄初的美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的菜豆叶片的培养皿中,分别比较研究了两种寄生蜂间的相互作用。结果显示:无论在低密度还是在高密度下,寄生蜂的释放方式显著影响了寄生蜂的直接致死数,但没有显著影响寄生蜂的寄生数、寄主取食数;在低密度下,三种寄生蜂释放方式间的总致死率无显著差异,但在高密度下,单独释放芙新姬小蜂的总致死率显著低于其它两种释放方式下的总致死率。在相同的寄生蜂释放方式下,除单独释放潜蝇姬小蜂下的寄生数外,其它高密度下的致死数均显著高于低密度下的致死数（寄生数、寄主取食数和直接致死数）。当两种寄生蜂联合释放时,潜蝇姬小蜂的产卵数显著高于芙新姬小蜂的产卵数;且在高密度下,联合释放下的潜蝇姬小蜂的产卵数显著高于单独释放下的单雌产卵数,而芙新姬小蜂的产卵数却与单独释放时的单雌产卵数无显著差异。在三种寄主杀死行为（寄生、寄主取食和直接致死）中,寄生蜂的寄主取食行为对寄主致死的贡献最大。本研究为该类寄生蜂的田间种群演替及田间释放防控潜叶蝇提供了理论依据和实践指导。

潜叶蝇（agromyzid leafminers）是蔬菜、花卉的重要害虫。外来潜叶蝇的入侵加重了我国潜叶蝇危害,寄生蜂作为天敌是潜叶蝇“绿色”防控的重要手段。近年来,我国主要潜叶蝇随着入侵时间,耕作制度及气候变化,发生格局产生了改变。本研究以北京地区为案例,开展了北京地区潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的发生时空动态的系统调查和研究,解释北京地区潜叶蝇时空动态变化,同时为潜叶蝇的防控提供指导。主要的结果和结论如下:1.北京地区潜叶蝇的组成和发生动态及其寄主植物北京地区蔬菜潜叶蝇类害虫有5种,为本地种:豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola（Goureau）、葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis Kato,入侵种:美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard、南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis（Blanchard）和番茄斑潜蝇Liriomyza bryoniae（Kaltenbach）。豌豆彩潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇发生严重,豌豆彩潜蝇主要发生在春秋两季,而美洲斑潜蝇主要发生于初夏、夏末和秋季,在夏末秋初发生较为严重;葱斑潜蝇呈现中度发生,偶见重度发生,主要发生于夏季;番茄斑潜蝇与其它潜叶蝇类害虫共存和零星发生;南美斑潜蝇仅采集到2头。潜叶蝇的寄主植物系统调查结果显示,豌豆彩潜蝇的寄主谱最广,有8科23种;美洲斑潜蝇的寄主植物涉及8科16种;番茄斑潜蝇寄主植物种类少。2.寄生蜂的组成和发生动态北京地区潜叶蝇上共发现寄生蜂为4科（姬小蜂科Eulophidae、金小蜂科Pteromalidae、茧蜂科Braconidae和瘿蜂科Cynipidae）27种;其中姬小蜂科种类最多,为9属18种,金小蜂科为2属3种,茧蜂科为2属5种,瘿蜂科为1属1种。豌豆彩潜蝇的寄生蜂有4科12属22种,美洲斑潜蝇的寄生蜂有4科9属16种,葱斑潜蝇的寄生蜂为3科7属8种。寄生蜂的时空发生动态存在明显差异。寄生蜂种类在春季凉爽季节较多,优势种为相对适宜凉爽气候的豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂;进入夏季,优势寄生蜂为适应高温的芙新姬小蜂和潜蛾姬小蜂;寄生蜂对不同寄主植物表现出一定偏好性差异。3.芙新姬小蜂隐存种复合体的遗传分化和时空发生动态基于芙新姬小蜂存在孤雌产雌品系和两性品系并共存发生,进一步对其进行遗传分化和时空发生动态分析,结果显示,芙新姬小蜂为隐存种复合体,全国至少存在三个隐种。COI基因和ITS2基因的结果显示,北京地区芙新姬小蜂为两个隐存种,一支为两性品系,另一支为另一隐种的孤雌产雌品系,而孤雌产雌品系对应的两性品系未在北京发现。北京地区芙新姬小蜂的孤雌产雌品系和两性品系共存发生,但孤雌产雌品系数量上已经占据优势,孤雌产雌品系比两性品系相对更适应高温季节,并且两种品系具有一定对寄主植物/生境的偏好性差异。芙新姬小蜂孤雌产雌品系有望成为潜叶蝇上良好的生物防治资源。本论文系统明确了北京地区潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的组成和时空发生动态,不仅解释了潜叶蝇时空发生变化的原因;而且基于寄生蜂的组成和时空发生动态,也为利用寄生蜂防控潜叶蝇（如优势寄生蜂的繁育与释放应用、基于利用寄生蜂的作物布局与生态调控等）提供了实践指导。

为明确高温条件对芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa（Westwood）成虫寿命以及行为的影响，以美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard 2龄末至3龄初幼虫为寄主，在补充非寄主食物20%葡萄糖溶液的情况下，观察了芙新姬小蜂雌成虫在26、30℃和35℃3个温度下的寿命及对美洲斑潜蝇的取食致死数、叮蛰致死数、寄生致死数和总致死数。结果显示：与26℃相比，高温条件（30℃和35℃）下，单头雌虫的日均取食致死数、日均叮蛰致死数、日均寄生致死数、日均总致死数均显著升高，并在35℃达到最高值，分别为9.6、12.2、5.5头和27.3头。芙新姬小蜂雌成虫的寿命随着温度升高而显著缩短，26℃下的寿命（21.4 d）约为30℃下寿命（11.4 d）的1.9倍和35℃下寿命（9.6 d）的2.2倍。3个温度下雌成虫一生的取食致死数、叮蛰致死数、寄生致死数、总致死数均无显著差异，总寄主致死数均达230头以上。表明35℃高温对芙新姬小蜂控制美洲斑潜蝇的总潜力没有显著影响。