为了明确宁夏地区蔬菜上潜叶蝇的发生危害情况及其天敌寄生蜂的种类组成。本研究对宁夏地区蔬菜上的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行采样调查，利用形态学方法对潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行鉴定。2016—2019年，宁夏地区有5种潜叶蝇发生危害，包括豌豆彩潜蝇（Phytomyza horticola）、美洲斑潜蝇（Liriomyza sativae）、南美斑潜蝇（L. huidobrensis）、番茄斑潜蝇（L. bryoniae）和葱斑潜蝇（Liriomyza chinensis），其中，美洲斑潜蝇发生数量和寄主植物种类均最多，尤其嗜好葫芦科植物；番茄斑潜蝇仅在油菜（Brassica campestris）和番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）上发现危害，且危害程度较低。潜叶蝇上寄生蜂的种类包括4科17属27种，从发生数量和寄生范围来看，优势种主要是芙新姬小蜂（Neochrysocharis formosa）和豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂（Diglyphus isaea），其中，芙新姬小蜂1,129头，占总数41.81%；豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂458头，占总数16.96%。宁夏地区的潜叶蝇对作物造成了不同程度...

为明确青海省为害蔬菜的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂种类，2016年至2019年在青海省采用随机取样法调查并收集田间被潜叶蝇为害的蔬菜和杂草等的植物叶片，对羽化出来的潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂进行形态鉴定。研究共发现4种潜叶蝇，包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和入侵种南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、美洲斑潜蝇L.sativae和番茄斑潜蝇L.bryoniae。其中豌豆彩潜蝇为害最重，其次是南美斑潜蝇。同时共调查到4种潜叶蝇的寄生蜂3科(姬小蜂科、茧蜂科和金小蜂科),共35种。其中发生数量最多的是普金姬小蜂Chrysocharis pubicornis,其次是豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea。综上，青海省蔬菜上的潜叶蝇有加重为害趋势，在实际生产时应及时对豌豆彩潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇的发生进行预测，并制定防治措施，同时鉴于青海省潜叶蝇的寄生蜂种类较为丰富，应充分保护和利用寄生蜂资源，尤其是2种优势种寄生蜂普金姬小蜂和豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。

辽宁省是东北地区重要的“菜篮子”生产基地。蔬菜易受到潜叶蝇的为害，导致蔬菜产业的健康发展受到威胁。为了更好防控蔬菜上的潜叶蝇，本研究对辽宁省潜叶蝇和寄生蜂进行本底资源调查。以辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类和多样性为切入点进行田间调查，采用随机取样法，于2016-2020年调查辽宁省蔬菜、花卉以及杂草上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的种类和多样性，并基于形态特征与COI基因序列对潜叶蝇和寄生蜂的种类进行鉴定。结果显示，辽宁省共鉴定出5种潜叶蝇，包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis，入侵种美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii和番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae；其中发生最为优势的种类为豌豆彩潜蝇，其嗜好十字花科和菊科植物；寄主谱最广的是美洲斑潜蝇，发现危害7科17种植物。共发现潜叶蝇的寄生蜂41种，从发生数量来看，以姬小蜂科最多（7 816头，占比78.84%），其次是金小蜂科（1 533头，占比15.46%）、茧蜂科（549头，占比5.54%）和瘿蜂科（16头，占比0.16%）；姬小蜂科的多样性指数和丰富度指数均最高，瘿蜂科均匀度指数最高；豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea（4 385头）是优势种，占寄生蜂总数的44.23%。本研究填补了辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类及多度调查的空白，为该省份潜叶蝇的防治和天敌寄生蜂的深入研究奠定了理论基础，同时建议加强对辽宁省的豌豆彩潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的防治，发挥当地优势寄生蜂如豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂对潜叶蝇的生物防控作用。

Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a dominant parasitoid that attacks agromyzid leafminers. Two reproductive types occur in D. wani: arrhenotoky (in which virgin females produce only male offspring; and virgin females mate with males to produce bisexual offspring) and thelytoky (in which virgin females produce female offspring). As a potential biological control agent, exploring the differences in the relevant biological parameters of both strains is necessary. In this study, comparisons between the two strains of D. wani were performed by evaluating the life table and host-killing rate. The thelytokous strain exhibited significantly better life table parameters than its arrhenotokous counterpart. Higher values for the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, net reproductive rate, and fecundity were found in the thelytokous strain. The thelytokous strain also performed better than the arrhenotokous strain in terms of net parasitism, host-feeding, host-stinging, and total host-killing rates. Thus, populations of the thelytokous strain could grow fast and kill more hosts. In conclusion, the thelytokous strain of D. wani may be the more promising biological agent against agromyzid leafminers compared to its arrhenotokous counterpart. Also, since the thelytokous strain of D. wani is only known to produce females, it should be given priority in future biocontrol applications owing to the cost savings of breeding only females.

Leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse family of small-bodied insects that feed on living plant tissues as larvae. Various species in this family are considered globally invasive and have caused great agricultural economic losses. In China, economically important vegetable crops have been seriously damaged by these pest insects, especially by species of the genus Liriomyza. However, these species are difficult to differentiate because of their morphological similarities, and the Chinese fauna remains poorly known. To explore the relevant pest species in China and their phylogeny, agromyzid leafminers were collected from 2016 to 2019, and identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. In total, 27 species from five genera of Agromyzidae were sampled and identified, including 16 species of Liriomyza. Both mitochondrial and nuclear genes were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate the divergence time. Highly congruent and well-supported phylogenetic trees were obtained using the Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods. This analysis revealed two main clades in Liriomyza, and clade 2 was inferred to have diverged from clade 1 approximately 27.40 million years ago (95% highest posterior density: 23.03- 31.52 million years ago) in the Oligocene. Differences were observed in the distribution patterns and host associations between the Liriomyza clades. Clade 2 species are distributed in cool, high-latitude environments, suggesting that they may have evolved into a cool-adapted lineage.

Aim: Research on population genetic patterns and potential distribution dynamics can provide insights into the development of pest management strategies. Herein, we integrated population genetic analyses with the climatic niche approach to investigate spatial population genetic variations and potential geographical distribution (PGD) of the herbivorous pest Phytomyza horticola. We also analysed its population response patterns to both late Pleistocene climatic events and future climate change.Location: China.Methods: We analysed the patterns of genetic diversity distribution in 29 populations from 19 regions across China using three mitochondrial (COI, COII and Cytb) genes as markers. We estimated demographic histories using neutrality tests, mismatch distributions and Bayesian skyline plots. Changes in PGD were assessed using an ecological niche model.Results: High genetic diversity was found in most populations, and the northern population exhibited higher haplotype diversity. The population genetic structure included the Tibet lineage and a large lineage comprising the remaining populations. Demographic analyses indicated that rapid population expansion occurred during the cold Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, our projections suggested that P. horticola currently has a vast PGD in China, for which the human influence index was the strongest variable. Large areas of cold northern regions were highly suitable for its survival. Under future global warming, highly suitable habitats will shift towards the higher latitudes.Main conclusions: P. horticola is widely distributed across varied environments, which may be attributed to its high degree of genetic variation. Human activities likely facilitated the current PGD and the frequent gene flow that homogenized differentiation among most populations. In addition, P. horticola exhibits strong adaptability to cold climates and environments from the past to the future. Considering future climatic changes, prevention and control should focus on high-latitude regions, and vigilance regarding human-mediated pest dispersals and outbreaks should be maintained.

Diglyphus Walker, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an economically important genus including species acting as biocontrol agents against agromyzid leafminer pests. A new species of Diglyphus, Diglyphus difasciatus Liu, Hansson & Wan, sp. nov., was discovered during the identification of agromyzid leafminers and their associated parasitoid wasps collected from 2016 to 2022 in China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of COI, ITS2 and 28S genes. Diglyphus difasciatus is similar to D. bimaculatus Zhu, LaSalle & Huang, distinguished by two interconnected infuscate vertical bands on the fore wing and the color of the scape. Molecular data support D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus as two different species. The mean genetic distances between D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus were 11.33%, 8.62%, and 0.18%, based on the COI, ITS2, and 28S genes, respectively.

为明确高温条件对芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa（Westwood）成虫寿命以及行为的影响，以美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard 2龄末至3龄初幼虫为寄主，在补充非寄主食物20%葡萄糖溶液的情况下，观察了芙新姬小蜂雌成虫在26、30℃和35℃3个温度下的寿命及对美洲斑潜蝇的取食致死数、叮蛰致死数、寄生致死数和总致死数。结果显示：与26℃相比，高温条件（30℃和35℃）下，单头雌虫的日均取食致死数、日均叮蛰致死数、日均寄生致死数、日均总致死数均显著升高，并在35℃达到最高值，分别为9.6、12.2、5.5头和27.3头。芙新姬小蜂雌成虫的寿命随着温度升高而显著缩短，26℃下的寿命（21.4 d）约为30℃下寿命（11.4 d）的1.9倍和35℃下寿命（9.6 d）的2.2倍。3个温度下雌成虫一生的取食致死数、叮蛰致死数、寄生致死数、总致死数均无显著差异，总寄主致死数均达230头以上。表明35℃高温对芙新姬小蜂控制美洲斑潜蝇的总潜力没有显著影响。

芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa （Westwood）是世界上蔬菜潜叶蝇的优势寄生蜂,该雌蜂具有三种寄主杀死型（host killing）的控害行为（繁殖型的产卵寄生致死行为、非繁殖型的寄主取食致死行为和寄主叮蛰直接致死行为）。该寄生蜂耐高温,尤其对耐高温的入侵害虫（美洲斑潜蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇）存在良好控害应用前景。本研究在室内条件下比较了高温（26℃、29℃、32℃和35℃）梯度对寄生蜂成虫生活史参数和控害潜力的影响。结果显示:寄生蜂在26℃和29℃时,雌蜂平均寿命最长,分别为15.5±1.3 d和13.0±1.1d,两者之间无显著差异;但随着温度升高到32℃和35℃时,雌蜂的平均寿命显著降低,为10.3±0.8 d和9.1±0.6 d。在29℃和32℃条件下,雌蜂的寄生数和取食数均显著高于其它处理,但两者之间无差异。尽管29℃下,雌蜂的总致死数最高;但四种温度处理之间,寄生蜂的总致死数无显著差异。高温不降低芙新姬小蜂的总体控害潜力,高温下雌蜂主要通过增强非繁殖型致死（寄主取食和寄主叮蛰）能力来提高控害潜力。本研究为该寄生蜂在室内饲养及田间应用提供了理论依据和实践指导。

潜叶蝇Agromyzid leafminers是世界上危害蔬菜、花卉等经济作物的一类重要小型害虫,我国是蔬菜潜叶蝇危害最为严重的国家之一,尤其是外来斑潜蝇的入侵和扩散,加剧了危害态势。利用天敌寄生蜂进行"绿色"防控是世界上潜叶蝇防控的优选策略。异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis（Girault）是蔬菜潜叶蝇（尤其是三叶草斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇）的田间优势天敌,且耐高温并具有3种致死寄主行为。本研究以三叶草斑潜蝇三龄初幼虫为寄主,于室内分别比较研究了温度（22℃、26℃、30℃和34℃）和成虫期补充营养（20%葡萄糖溶液、20%蜂蜜溶液、寄主幼虫+20%葡萄糖溶液和寄主幼虫+20%蜂蜜溶液与仅提供寄主幼虫）对异角亨姬小蜂控害潜力的影响。研究结果显示:1)雌雄蜂寿命均随着温度的升高而降低,但22℃与26℃下寿命差异不显著;22℃和30℃条件下雌蜂总寄生致死量、总取食致死量、总直接叮蛰致死量和总致死寄主量均显著高于34℃下致死寄主量;26℃和30℃条件下雌蜂的日均产卵量和日均总致死寄主量均显著大于22℃和34℃的处理;雌蜂日均直接叮蛰致死寄主量在26℃下最高（5.04）,日均取食致死寄主量在34℃下最大（19.5）;在"取食vs.寄生"行为权衡中,雌蜂在22-30℃下显著趋向于产卵寄生,在34℃下显著趋向于寄主取食。2)提供20%葡萄糖溶液、20%蜂蜜溶液、寄主幼虫+20%葡萄糖溶液和寄主幼虫+20%蜂蜜溶液与仅提供寄主幼虫相比,其寿命、繁殖力和总致死寄主幼虫数量均未显著增加,但显著降低了雌蜂的日均取食量;在"取食vs.寄生"行为权衡中显著降低了取食占总致死寄主量和寄生量的比例。研究结果为该寄生蜂的应用实践提供了依据和指导。