项目来源
韩国国家研究基金(NRF)
项目主持人
김태호
项目受资助机构
제주대학교
立项年度
2010
立项时间
未公开
项目编号
2010-327-B00758
研究期限
未知 / 未知
项目级别
国家级
受资助金额
未知
学科
사회과학
学科代码
未公开
基金类别
人文社科-SD-Research
보전과 관리 ; 훼손 유형과 요인 ; 등산로 ; 디지털 사진측량 ; 한라산 ; 지리산 ; 산악 국립공원 ; 훼손 및 관리 ; 신속측량법 ; 단면적측량법 ; 등산로현황 조사수법 ; 노면저하 ; 측벽후퇴 ; 노면확대 및 분기 ; 노면매몰 ; 답압 ; 우세 ; 서릿발작용 ; 취식 ; 도목 ; 동물작용 ; 등산로 정비지침 ; 등산로 관리수준 ; 근자연 등산로공법 ; 다이세츠산 ; conservation and management of hiking trails ; typology and factors of trail degradation ; Mount Jiri ; digital photogrammetry ; mountain national park ; Mount Halla
参与者
김태호
参与机构
未公开
项目标书摘要：Research Summary:A rapid increase of hikers produces an aquiclude on a tread induced by human trampling.Although it is well known that hiking trails can be deteriorated by an aquiclude,trail degradation occurs due to diverse erosional factors.Korea National Park Service have recently suggested several types of trail degradation such as root-exposure,bedrock-exposure,tread erosion,path divergence,and path widening.However,it does not sufficiently reflect the typology of degraded trails,and besides overlooks various factors for devastating trails.Thus,this study aims to examine the present condition of trails in Mt.Jiri and Mt.Halla National Parks,and to clarify the typology and factors of trail degradation.It could provide basic materials which is useful for the trail management of mountain national parks and mountain preservation.Ridge traversing trail in Mt.Jiri National Park is classified as flat,gully-like,unilateral,and asymmetric bilateral,paths based upon a location and gradient of paths.These types are interchangeable due to a drainage condition of trail surfaces.According to a rapid survey technique,the trail is 135.9 cm wide,23.6 cm deep and 5.1° in a gradient,respectively.All treads have been compacted due to human trampling.The path width is affected by a slope aspect and a distribution of Sasa borealis.An asymmetric path is wider than a symmetric path.The rate of soil erosion,which is estimated from the mean width and depth of ridge traversing trail,is equivalent to 68.9 cm^2/year for the period from 1960 to 2009,suggesting that the trail has been widened 2.7 cm/year and the tread lowered 0.4 cm/year.On the other hand,the rates of soil erosion based upon a cross-sectional area method varies from site to site;-164.3 cm^2/year to 627.8 cm^2/year for the period of 12-17 months.Also,the amount and rates of a non-frozen season are generally larger than those of a frozen season.Hiking trails in Mt.Jiri,and Mt.Halla,National Park are deteriorated by natural erosion processes as well as human trampling.Trail degradation is classified into tread lowering,sidewall retreat,path widening and divergence based upon a place where erosional processes occur.Tread lowering and sidewall retreat are generally produced by natural erosion factors,whereas path widening and divergence are generated by human trampling.Rainwash is the most contributing process to tread lowering.By contrast,several processes such as rainwash,pipkrake action,deflation,tree falling,and animal activity play a major role in sidewall retreat according to physical conditions of a hiking trail.Path widening and divergence could be classified by a factor producing human trampling.There are lots of cases related to rainwash such as the tree root,gravel,and bedrock,exposed by a surface flow lowering a tread and the riser produced by tread scouring.A puddle of rainwater on a flat tread and a fallen tree of Abies koreana in a forest region are also major factors to cause path widening and divergence.A paved tread with stones encourages a hiker to walk out of a trail.Taking a shortcut also results in path widening and divergence without a factor giving a hiker inconvenience on a trail.Since a trekking season coincides with a snow-melting period of Daisetsuzan National Park in Hokkaido,Japan,hiking trails have been actively eroded by several factors including trampling,snow-melting water and pipkrake.In addition,surface geology is largely composed of pyroclastic materials,resulting in severely deteriorated trails such as a gully-like path and a diverging path throughout the park area.The hiking trails were fundamentally managed in a way of a symptomatic treatment.However,the daily maintenance of trails has been recently conducted by volunteers,civil society organizations,and local residents participating in a public work like Green Worker operated by Ministry of the Environment,and then it has obtained good results.The degraded trails are restored according to a maintenance guideline reflecting the natural environment of Mt.Daisetsu.In particular,a neo-natural trail restoration method,which considers safe trekking of hikers and erosional processes,is also applied to the maintenance of degraded trails.Ministry of the Environment has decided a management level of hiking trails in Daisetsuzan National Park in order to protect the trekking experience as well as the natural environment.It indicates that the hiking trails are differentially managed depending on the actual conditions of environment and use of each trail.
Application Abstract: Research Summary:A rapid increase of hikers produces an aquiclude on a tread induced by human trampling.Although it is well known that hiking trails can be deteriorated by an aquiclude,trail degradation occurs due to diverse erosional factors.Korea National Park Service have recently suggested several types of trail degradation such as root-exposure,bedrock-exposure,tread erosion,path divergence,and path widening.However,it does not sufficiently reflect the typology of degraded trails,and besides overlooks various factors for devastating trails.Thus,this study aims to examine the present condition of trails in Mt.Jiri and Mt.Halla National Parks,and to clarify the typology and factors of trail degradation.It could provide basic materials which is useful for the trail management of mountain national parks and mountain preservation.Ridge traversing trail in Mt.Jiri National Park is classified as flat,gully-like,unilateral,and asymmetric bilateral,paths based upon a location and gradient of paths.These types are interchangeable due to a drainage condition of trail surfaces.According to a rapid survey technique,the trail is 135.9 cm wide,23.6 cm deep and 5.1° in a gradient,respectively.All treads have been compacted due to human trampling.The path width is affected by a slope aspect and a distribution of Sasa borealis.An asymmetric path is wider than a symmetric path.The rate of soil erosion,which is estimated from the mean width and depth of ridge traversing trail,is equivalent to 68.9 cm^2/year for the period from 1960 to 2009,suggesting that the trail has been widened 2.7 cm/year and the tread lowered 0.4 cm/year.On the other hand,the rates of soil erosion based upon a cross-sectional area method varies from site to site;-164.3 cm^2/year to 627.8 cm^2/year for the period of 12-17 months.Also,the amount and rates of a non-frozen season are generally larger than those of a frozen season.Hiking trails in Mt.Jiri,and Mt.Halla,National Park are deteriorated by natural erosion processes as well as human trampling.Trail degradation is classified into tread lowering,sidewall retreat,path widening and divergence based upon a place where erosional processes occur.Tread lowering and sidewall retreat are generally produced by natural erosion factors,whereas path widening and divergence are generated by human trampling.Rainwash is the most contributing process to tread lowering.By contrast,several processes such as rainwash,pipkrake action,deflation,tree falling,and animal activity play a major role in sidewall retreat according to physical conditions of a hiking trail.Path widening and divergence could be classified by a factor producing human trampling.There are lots of cases related to rainwash such as the tree root,gravel,and bedrock,exposed by a surface flow lowering a tread and the riser produced by tread scouring.A puddle of rainwater on a flat tread and a fallen tree of Abies koreana in a forest region are also major factors to cause path widening and divergence.A paved tread with stones encourages a hiker to walk out of a trail.Taking a shortcut also results in path widening and divergence without a factor giving a hiker inconvenience on a trail.Since a trekking season coincides with a snow-melting period of Daisetsuzan National Park in Hokkaido,Japan,hiking trails have been actively eroded by several factors including trampling,snow-melting water and pipkrake.In addition,surface geology is largely composed of pyroclastic materials,resulting in severely deteriorated trails such as a gully-like path and a diverging path throughout the park area.The hiking trails were fundamentally managed in a way of a symptomatic treatment.However,the daily maintenance of trails has been recently conducted by volunteers,civil society organizations,and local residents participating in a public work like Green Worker operated by Ministry of the Environment,and then it has obtained good results.The degraded trails are restored according to a maintenance guideline reflecting the natural environment of Mt.Daisetsu.In particular,a neo-natural trail restoration method,which considers safe trekking of hikers and erosional processes,is also applied to the maintenance of degraded trails.Ministry of the Environment has decided a management level of hiking trails in Daisetsuzan National Park in order to protect the trekking experience as well as the natural environment.It indicates that the hiking trails are differentially managed depending on the actual conditions of environment and use of each trail.
