In order to protect the four spring groups in Jinan, it is very important to study the formation characteristics of the karst spring in Jinan. Based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions of Jinan spring group outcropping area, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the karst aquifer void type, spring water supply source, spring water gushing state, spring water flow, spring water temperature and conductivity, spring water chemistry data in the recharging area, so as to determine the genetic types of four spring groups. The results are as follows: (1) Baotu spring and Heihu spring have a similar genetic structure, their circulation depth is relatively shallower, and they are greatly affected by Ordovician karst water in the direct recharging area. Tanxi spring and Pearl spring have a similar genetic structure with a deeper circulation depth, which are greatly affected by Cambrian karst water in the indirect recharging area. Tanxi spring and Pearl spring have a similar genetic structure with a deeper circulation depth, which are greatly affected by Cambrian karst water in the indirect recharging area; (2) Baotu spring and Heihu spring are long-running cold springs recharged by confined water, which belong to erosion rising spring; Pearl spring and Wulongtan are long-running large and medium-sized cold springs recharged by pressurized water, which belong to contact rising spring. The research on the genetic characteristics of spring provides a scientific basis for spring protection in Jinan. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to ensure the efficient and reasonable utilization of groundwater and the sustainable development of groundwater systems in Jinan City, a hydrogeological survey was conducted in the study area of the spring area, collecting groundwater dynamic observation data over the years, and sampling and testing the water chemistry of the spring water. The characteristics of spring water flow and spring water chemical dynamics comprehensively summarize the spring water dynamics. Research shows that besides the influence of precipitation, the water level of Baotu Spring is also affected by the discharge of Wohushan Reservoir and various recharges, especially artificial supplementary measures have played a certain role in maintaining the water level attenuation of Baotu Spring during the dry season; The change law of spring water flow and groundwater level is the result of the combined effects of direct recharge of atmospheric precipitation, indirect recharge of river leakage, and groundwater excretion; due to the influence of human activities, the conventional ion composition of spring water has an upward trend. The research results provide technical basis for spring water protection.
© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to protect Jinan spring. This article is based on the research and analysis of the observation water level, extraction volume, spring water level, and observation data of water sources in West Jinan, western suburbs, and urban areas. It is concluded that: (1) According to the analysis of the dynamic type of groundwater level, there is a close hydraulic connection between the groundwater of West Jinan and Baotu spring spring group, which is a unified body of water with strong connectivity. (2) From the analysis of multi-year water level, spring discharge and mining volume, the impact of karst water mining in the western suburbs on the water level and spring discharge of urban spring water is very obvious.(3) The increase in the amount of karst water in the urban area and the decrease in the flow of spring water are very similar. Therefore, Jinan spring water is obviously affected by artificial mining. Controlling the amount of groundwater extraction, especially in urban areas, is of great significance to ensure the spring water gushing all year round. At the same time, it is necessary to make a good mining layout for the water sources in the western suburbs, West Jinan and eastern suburbs. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to realize the rational use of groundwater in Jinan and guarantee the continuous gushing of spring water, a hydrogeological survey was conducted in the study area to collect precipitation and spring water level data over the years, and to analyze the correlation between precipitation and spring water level at different time scales and spaces. Research shows that the correlation coefficient between precipitation and spring water level is the largest in the 1960s, and human activities have less influence on spring water, with the increase of groundwater demand from social development and the implementation of related spring protection measures such as groundwater limitation and replenishment, the correlation coefficient between precipitation and spring water level decreased first and then increased, mining volume remains the main factor affecting groundwater levels; precipitation lag time of Xing long Station, Donghong miao Station and Yanzi shan Station is short. The areas where these rainfall stations are located may be suitable for recharge and replenishment. The research results provide technical basis for spring water protection. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In this paper,56 groups of underground water samples were collected in Baotu Spring Catchment, and a discriminant model was established to judge the recharge direction and aquifer of the four major spring groups. The results showed that Baotu Spring Group and Black Tiger Spring Group mainly recharge from southwest direction Ordovician karst water, Central south direction of Ordovician karst water respectively, and Five Dragon Pool Spring Group and Pearl Spring Group received from southwest direction and southeast direction Cambrian karst water supplement respectively. The research results are of great significance to the implementation of Jinan spring conservation and precise source replenishment measures. At the same time, it shows that the karst water system in northern China has the characteristics of uneven karst development. © 2020 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to protect Jinan spring. This article is based on the research and analysis of the observation water level, extraction volume, spring water level, and observation data of water sources in West Jinan, western suburbs, and urban areas. It is concluded that: (1) According to the analysis of the dynamic type of groundwater level, there is a close hydraulic connection between the groundwater of West Jinan and Baotu spring spring group, which is a unified body of water with strong connectivity. (2) From the analysis of multi-year water level, spring discharge and mining volume, the impact of karst water mining in the western suburbs on the water level and spring discharge of urban spring water is very obvious.(3) The increase in the amount of karst water in the urban area and the decrease in the flow of spring water are very similar. Therefore, Jinan spring water is obviously affected by artificial mining. Controlling the amount of groundwater extraction, especially in urban areas, is of great significance to ensure the spring water gushing all year round. At the same time, it is necessary to make a good mining layout for the water sources in the western suburbs, West Jinan and eastern suburbs. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to protect the four spring groups in Jinan, it is very important to study the formation characteristics of the karst spring in Jinan. Based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions of Jinan spring group outcropping area, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the karst aquifer void type, spring water supply source, spring water gushing state, spring water flow, spring water temperature and conductivity, spring water chemistry data in the recharging area, so as to determine the genetic types of four spring groups. The results are as follows: (1) Baotu spring and Heihu spring have a similar genetic structure, their circulation depth is relatively shallower, and they are greatly affected by Ordovician karst water in the direct recharging area. Tanxi spring and Pearl spring have a similar genetic structure with a deeper circulation depth, which are greatly affected by Cambrian karst water in the indirect recharging area. Tanxi spring and Pearl spring have a similar genetic structure with a deeper circulation depth, which are greatly affected by Cambrian karst water in the indirect recharging area; (2) Baotu spring and Heihu spring are long-running cold springs recharged by confined water, which belong to erosion rising spring; Pearl spring and Wulongtan are long-running large and medium-sized cold springs recharged by pressurized water, which belong to contact rising spring. The research on the genetic characteristics of spring provides a scientific basis for spring protection in Jinan. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to ensure the efficient and reasonable utilization of groundwater and the sustainable development of groundwater systems in Jinan City, a hydrogeological survey was conducted in the study area of the spring area, collecting groundwater dynamic observation data over the years, and sampling and testing the water chemistry of the spring water. The characteristics of spring water flow and spring water chemical dynamics comprehensively summarize the spring water dynamics. Research shows that besides the influence of precipitation, the water level of Baotu Spring is also affected by the discharge of Wohushan Reservoir and various recharges, especially artificial supplementary measures have played a certain role in maintaining the water level attenuation of Baotu Spring during the dry season; The change law of spring water flow and groundwater level is the result of the combined effects of direct recharge of atmospheric precipitation, indirect recharge of river leakage, and groundwater excretion; due to the influence of human activities, the conventional ion composition of spring water has an upward trend. The research results provide technical basis for spring water protection. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.