Existing building management systems face critical limitations in real-time data integration, primarily relying on static models that lack dynamic updates from IoT sensors. To address this gap, this study proposes a novel system integrating MQTT over WebSocket with Three.js visualization, enabling real-time sensor-data binding to Building Information Models (BIM). The architecture leverages MQTT's lightweight publish-subscribe protocol for efficient communication and employs a TCP-based retransmission mechanism to ensure 99.5% data reliability in unstable networks. A dynamic topic-matching algorithm is introduced to automate sensor-BIM associations, reducing manual configuration time by 60%. The system's frontend, powered by Three.js, achieves browser-based 3D visualization with sub-second updates (280-550 ms latency), while the backend utilizes SpringBoot for scalable service orchestration. Experimental evaluations across diverse environments-including high-rise offices, industrial plants, and residential complexes-demonstrate the system's robustness: Real-time monitoring: Fire alarms triggered within 2.1 s (22% faster than legacy systems). Network resilience: 98.2% availability under 30% packet loss. User efficiency: 4.6/5 satisfaction score from facility managers. This work advances intelligent building management by bridging IoT data with interactive 3D models, offering a scalable solution for emergency response, energy optimization, and predictive maintenance in smart cities.

A new theoretical calculation method for the two opposite-side chloride diffusions was established, which is different from traditional diffusion calculations and the value-taking rule of error function. A new parameter, delta, a diffuse constant of the object being diffused, is proposed to reflect the internal diffusion characteristics of the object, and the concrete studied in this paper has a delta value between 2 and 3-closer to 3. By performing comparison experiments with a stronger effect of superposition and accumulation in concrete under two opposite-side chloride ion, diffusion can be found, which is consistent with the calculation results. In order to improve the resistance of concrete to two opposite-side chloride codiffusion, the concrete modified by nanosilica and nanotitania was designed in this study. Due to its excellent microstructure and porosity properties, the concrete modified by nanosilica at 1.5% and nanotitania at 0.5% cement weight showed an excellent resistance to the single-side chloride ion diffusion, and the same goes for two opposite-side diffusions. (C) 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.

膨胀土因其吸水膨胀软化、失水收缩干裂的特性，极易诱发岸坡失稳滑动，开展膨胀土岸坡滑动监测技术研究对于保障水利工程安全具有重要意义。基于时移电阻率法基本原理，开展了含水平裂缝膨胀土岸坡电阻率法正演模拟，探究了水体在岸坡裂缝缺陷中渗透时的地球物理电性响应特征。同时，采用数据比算法对不同时刻的反演结果进行电阻率归一化，反映出了膨胀土岸坡局部电性结构细微变化。研究结果表明：时移电阻率法能反映膨胀土含水率变化情况，结合膨胀土岸坡渗透滑动演化模型，能够实现岸坡水体渗透土体性状监测，对提高膨胀土岸坡灾害评估和预警能力具有重要意义。

Although similarity simulation experiments have been widely used in geotechnical engineering, their application in soft rock mechanics is still limited due to the complex water-rock interaction of such rocks. The purpose of this study was to synthesise red mudstone-like materials by the method of mineral composition and proportion are completely similar to that of natural rock samples, using sodium silicate content, compression time and vertical stress to investigate the mechanical properties and composition of soft rocks. The physical and mechanical properties of the synthetic red mudstone-like materials were compared with those of natural red mudstone by the density, acoustic characteristics, and microstructure investigation as well as uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The results show that the synthetic red mudstone-like materials can reproduce the physical and mechanical properties of natural red mudstone. They show that sodium silicate content is one of the most important factors governing mechanical properties, such as internal friction angle, of the synthetic red mudstone-like materials. Importantly, the synthesis method developed in this study could potentially be widely implemented in rock mechanics and engineering.

For measuring and region-identifying the deep displacement of slopes, a rod-fiber coupling structure based on optical time-domain reflection technology was designed. Accuracy of measurement and region identification in the deep displacement of slopes were studied by calibration experiment and model experiment. A rod-fiber coupling structure was able to calculate the variation and accurately identify the region of deep displacement of a slope compared with the measured downslide displacement of the slope model. The maximum measurement error of the deep displacement of the slope was 10.1%, the identification error of the displacement region was less than 4.4%, and the accuracy of the displacement-region identification of the rod-fiber coupling structure was 3.1 cm. Thus, the rod-fiber coupling structure based on optical time-domain reflection technology can be used for measuring and for region identification in the deep displacement of the slopes, and can provide a new method for the identification of the sliding surfaces of slopes.

Deep lateral displacement is an important index for evaluating the safety of geological bodies. The short range and low resolution of sensor monitoring often lead to large errors and inaccurate positioning in monitoring deep lateral displacement of geological bodies. Based on the principle of macrobending loss of a single-mode fiber, a rod–fiber coupling structure is designed in this study using a single-mode fiber and a highly elastic rubber rod to measure a large lateral displacement of a geological body. By analyzing the dispersion degree of the macrobending loss caused by loading displacement, the effects of pitch, diameter, and loading position on the measuring sensitivity and axial resolution of the rod–fiber coupling structure are investigated. Through a comparative experiment, the stability and measurement accuracy of the rod–fiber coupling structure are studied. The experimental results show that the lateral displacement of the rod–fiber coupling structure corresponds to the macrobending loss of the single-mode fiber; the relative measurement error of lateral displacement is within 10% for different lateral deformations. The proposed rod–fiber coupling structure provides powerful support for efficient, high-resolution monitoring of large lateral displacements of geological bodies. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Three-dimensional intelligent engineering management and control systems (EMCS) based on the browser/server (B/S) model are an important part of intelligent engineering development. These systems are used for solving the difficulties encountered in engineering management with frequent cross-specialties and are vital tools for data exchange and service sharing among multiple departments. Currently, most engineering management and control systems are based on service-oriented architectures (SOAs). The integration mechanism and high coupling of SOAs leads to the reduction in system expansibility, service quality and service safety of the engineering system, making it difficult for these architectures to serve the construction of long-span valve hall engineering. To address these concerns, the management and application technology of the multidisciplinary data of valve hall engineering based on a microservice architecture (MSA) is proposed to improve the management efficiency of engineering data. A 3D integration modeling method for valve hall engineering structures and geological environments is proposed to establish the topological association between engineering structures and geological environments, without increasing the amount of model data required. A 3D intelligent engineering management and control technology for the entire process of the construction of long-span valve hall engineering is proposed, which realizes the entire process simulation and control of engineering construction based on WebGL technology. Accordingly, a three-dimensional intelligent engineering management and control system for the entire construction process of a long-span valve hall project in Southeast China is established, which can effectively manage and apply the data, display and analyze the three-dimensional model, and control and make decisions regarding the construction schedule. This study provides support for the construction of "smart engineering", promotes information communication and transmission between different project units, and speeds up the transformation from traditional construction management relying on drawings to three-dimensional intelligent construction management based on cloud services.

The chloride diffusion in concrete with different aggregate volume ratios (AVR) and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) were studied in this paper. According to the finite element method, the 3D concrete model with aggregates and ITZ is modeled, and the chloride diffusion characteristics were numerically simulated and compared with the experimental results. Furthermore, the reasons for the better chloride resistance of nanocomposite concrete are studied. The results show that the established model can well reflect the material properties of concrete and has a good application effect on chloride diffusion. The increase of AVR inhibited the chloride diffusion and there is significant influence on the simulation results when use different AVR to back calculation. However, it is little influence on the simulation results when change the ITZ condition of back calculation. The better chloride diffusion resistance of nanocomposite concrete is mainly due to the improved anti-diffusion properties of the ITZ.

This study presents a theoretical framework for monitoring the stability of a slope in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The optimal arrangement of monitoring points is achieved using strength reduction finite element analysis and redundancy optimization analysis. Using a highway slope in South China as a case study, it demonstrates that the developed theoretical framework has the capability of designing the three-dimensional distribution of the monitoring points within the slope in an optimal way. In addition, it shows that, with the increase of the reduction coefficient, the plastic zone inside the slope gradually expands with the decrease in the shear strength of the soil. Furthermore, the simulation results suggest that the horizontal displacement of the slope reaches to its maximum value in the region around 12 m from toe of the slope.

Pinch-outs refers to the gradual thinning of the thickness of the sedimentary layer laterally until there is no deposition and are a major topic of modern research on the automated drawing of geological profiles. The rapid development of smart geological systems imposed an urgent need for high-speed, accurate methods to plot pinch-outs. However, because of their complexity, excessive number of branch paths, low rendering speed, and poor reliability in the case of large-scale data, the existing pinch-out drawing methods are inadequate and cannot satisfy the modeling needs of large-scale geological projects. To resolve these problems, based on unified stratigraphic sequences, this paper proposes a unique path method for drawing pinch-out profiles by converting the principle of plotting of pinch-outs into controlling the appearance of stratigraphic boundaries, and a high-speed and reliable method for drawing pinch-out in digital profiles is also proposed. The proposed method is successfully applied to drawing geological profiles for an urban geological project in East China, and greatly reduces the complexity of the method without reducing the drawing accuracy. Compared with those of other methods, the speed and reliability are significantly improved. Therefore, the unique path method for drawing pinch-out profiles based on a unified stratigraphic sequence proposed in the writers' previous paper effectively avoids the excessive branch paths, slow speed, and insufficient reliability of the existing methods and provides effective and reliable support for the rapid drawing of profiles in smart geological systems.