随着汽车工业的发展，亟待开发高强度钢。然而随着钢强度的提高，氢脆损伤也越严重，氢脆现象严重影响高强度汽车用钢的发展，国内外均在研究如何解决这个问题。简要介绍了发生氢脆损伤的机制，热成形钢、双相钢、淬火-配分钢、相变诱导塑性钢等先进高强度汽车用钢的发展及其氢脆损伤的研究现状，以及常用的充氢方法和氢脆敏感性测试技术。

综述了热浸镀锌、热浸镀铝过程中所使用的或正在研究开发的助镀剂类型和构成，分析了助镀剂中氯化物、氟化物、氯化稀土和表面活性剂等成分在助镀过程中所起的作用，总结了热浸镀助镀剂研究中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。

铜钢浸铸复合,是在高温下将固态钢基体浸入熔融铜液中保温一段时间后复合在一起的液固复合过程。在浸铸复合进程中,铜/钢界面将发生扩散、熔合、Cu元素与Fe元素的扩散和偏聚析出等复杂的现象,其中,Cu在钢中的扩散和偏聚析出是铜、钢间形成良好冶金结合的关键。纵观铜钢复合材料研究发现,截止到目前,关于铜钢液固复合的界面结合机制、界面特征、Cu、Fe元素在过渡层的存在状态、高温下Cu在钢中的扩散行为等方面还有待进一步探索。为此本研究从铜钢浸铸复合材料的制备出发,针对上述问题开展了系统性研究,以期为浸铸法制备铜钢复合材料技术的发展提供理论支撑和工艺指导。不同工艺条件下的铜钢浸铸实验和检测结果表明,铜钢浸铸复合能形成良好的冶金结合。而浸铸温度较低、浸铸时间较短,均不利于铜钢间的冶金结合,且过高的浸铸温度会增加铸铜层的凝固缺陷。此外,随着浸铸温度的升高或是浸铸时间的延长,铜中的Fe含量均呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,而Fe含量升高对铸铜层的导电性和材料成本控制不利。对于铜/钢界面的特征,浸铸温度的影响相对更大。当浸铸温度不超过1125℃时,铜/钢界面基本呈一条直线,即使浸铸时间延长,界面特征却变化不大;而当浸铸温度超过1150℃时,铜/钢界面开始出现新组织,并且新组织的范围随着浸铸温度升高、浸铸时间延长而扩大。随着浸铸温度的升高,最大显微硬度和杨氏模量对应的位置逐渐从钢基体侧向铸铜层侧过渡;而随着浸铸时间的延长,最大显微硬度和杨氏模量对应的位置亦逐渐向铜/钢界面过渡,但没有超过界面区域。铜/钢界面的物相组成与浸铸温度和浸铸时间关系不大,始终以单相FCC结构Cu、单相BCC结构Fe为主,同时伴随有少量Cu硫化物、Fe碳化物和硫化物,以及Cu-Fe-S三元相,没有Cu-Fe二元相的存在。当浸铸温度较低时,铜/钢界面没有新组织,析出的富铜相是典型的非稳定相。高分辨结果表明,其为Cu与BCC结构的Fe共格析出物,晶向（110）,该富铜相的析出对界面有强化作用。当浸铸温度较高时,铜/钢界面出现了大量新组织,其为富铜相集中析出产物,而液相中析出的富铜相也相对更稳定。高分辨结果表明,其为FCC-Cu和γ-Fe共同析出的产物,晶向（100）,由于尺寸相对较大,对界面的强化作用不如低温时的小尺寸析出物。整个铜/钢界面区域可以分为四个部分,铜液区,Fe含量相对较高的液固动态平衡区,铜/钢界面和钢基体区。浸铸复合条件下,铜、钢间冶金结合的形成是熔合和扩散两种机制共同作用的结果。对于Cu在界面和钢基体中的扩散,随着浸铸温度的升高,Cu在钢中的扩散系数逐渐增大。当浸铸温度由1100℃升至1200℃时,Cu在钢基体中扩散系数值的范围在8.52×10-12cm~2/s至5.28×10-10cm~2/s之间,平均扩散激活能为103.24k J/mol,说明液固复合条件下Cu的扩散效率更高。与此同时,不同浸铸温度条件下Cu在钢基体中的扩散路径分析结果表明,当浸铸温度低于1150℃时,Cu在钢基体中的扩散以晶界扩散为主;当浸铸温度继续升高时,Cu在钢基体中的扩散逐步转变为晶内、晶界同时扩散。Mn、Si、P、C、S、O元素由于含量较少,对Cu在界面和钢基体的扩散影响较小。为进一步分析铜/钢界面的结构,本研究建立了Cu-Fe互扩散的分子动力学模型。界面区域Cu、Fe原子的数密度分布和二维有序性分析结果表明,一定局域范围的液相Cu原子在Cu/Fe界面区域形成了有序结构。有序结构区域的宽度,即液固动态平衡区宽度随着温度的升高而变小,从1100℃时的8（?）,缩小到1200℃时的不足2（?）。从不同温度条件下液固界面不同局域的RDF曲线结果可以看出,界面附近的Cu-Fe结构基本为FCC构型。并且随着温度的升高,在Cu/Fe界面区域的原子堆积现象呈逐渐减弱的趋势。界面处原子的堆积是由Cu、Fe原子的构型决定的,Cu、Fe原子构型一致有利于Cu原子在Fe中的扩散。对于Cu原子在Cu/Fe界面的扩散机制分析,本研究跟踪了不同温度条件下界面区域部分Cu原子的迁移轨迹,并进行了统计。结果表明,Cu原子在界面区域的扩散存在束缚和吸脱附两种机制。而随着温度的升高,扩散束缚机制原子所占比例逐渐下降,说明高温会加速Cu原子的迁移,使其更容易摆脱有序结构区域的限制。与此同时,液固界面区域不同局域的扩散系数计算结果表明,从固相Fe原子优势区到液相Cu原子优势区,Cu、Fe原子的三维扩散系数均呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。但对于Cu、Fe扩散结合更为关键的Z向扩散系数,Cu原子呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,而Fe原子的最大值出现在有序层的边界,说明Fe原子扩散溶解主要在界面有序层的边界完成。综合实验检测和分子动力学模拟结果,最佳的浸铸工艺参数,浸铸温度:1125～1150℃;浸铸时间:10～15 min。图141幅;表13个;参158篇。

Copper/steel composite is a kind of composite with excellent performance and broad application prospects. In this paper, the micro-morphology and structure of the interface of copper/steel composite prepared by the hot-dip casting were observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the formation mechanism of the interface area was explored. The results show that the hot-dip casting temperature has a great influence on the micro-structure and morphology of the copper/steel interface area. When the hot-dip casting temperature is lower than 1125°C, the copper/steel interface area is basically in a straight line. Even if the hot-dip casting time is extended, the interface characteristics change little. At 1100°C, the copper-rich phase precipitated at the interface area is the coherent precipitates of Cu and BCC-Fe, with the crystal orientationand the diameter about 10nm ~ 30nm. When the hot-dip casting temperature reaches 1150°C, the copper/steel interface area begins to appear new micro-morphology, and the range of new micro-morphology becomes larger and larger with the increase in the hot-dip casting temperature and the extension of the hot-dip casting time. At 1200°C, the copper-rich phase precipitated at the interface is the coherent precipitates of FCC-Cu and FCC-Fe, with the crystal orientationand the size similar to that at 1100°C. In the process of the hot-dip casting, the formation of the copper/steel interface area experienced three stages: the co-temperature of copper/steel and the wetting of copper liquid on solid steel, the formation and transformation of the solid–liquid mixed layer between steel and copper liquid and the evolution stage of the liquid–solid mixed layer during cooling and solidification. This kind of interface zone with gradual structure tightly connects the steel matrix and solidified copper together, to form a copper/steel composite with strong bonding. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

碳钢制备工艺简单,成本低,具有良好的塑性、韧性和加工性能,应用数量最大、范围最广。但随着科技的发展,对材料的性能要求变高,碳钢已不能满足工程和环境的需要。铜具有优良的延展性、导热性、导电性和化学稳定性等,是在电气、电子、建筑等多领域中的常用材料。本文采用热浸扩散法制备了铜/碳钢复合材料,研究了工艺条件对镀层表面、断面、扩散层厚度的影响,研究了铜在碳钢中的扩散行为和材料的力学性能。通过热浸镀法制备出铜/碳钢复合材料,研究了热浸镀温度和时间对材料的表面形貌和组织、断面形貌和组织以及扩散层厚度的影响。结果表明:扩散层厚度随着热浸镀温度增加逐渐增厚,随着热浸镀时间延长,铜层和扩散层厚度增速是先大后小,最终趋于不变。在热浸镀温度为1150℃,热浸镀时间为120 s的工艺条件下,获得的材料镀层表面光亮平整,铜和碳钢的结合界面的强度高。为了研究铜在碳钢中的扩散行为,利用Fick第二定律计算了不同热浸镀温度和铜浓度条件下Cu原子在碳钢中的扩散系数和扩散激活能。结果表明:Cu原子在碳钢中的扩散系数随着热浸镀温度的提高而变大。利用WD-P4204拉伸电子万能试验机和反复弯曲试验机,测定了铜/碳钢复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:铜/碳钢复合材料与同等条件热处理后的碳钢、原始碳钢相比,拉伸强度提高,具有较好的抗弯曲能力和塑性,表明铜层和碳钢基体界面结合良好。图33幅;表6个;参73篇。

对冷轧后含铜、银抗菌不锈钢进行1000、1050、1100℃的退火处理，观察退火温度对组织的影响；使用电化学工作站测得极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱，探究3种不同退火温度对耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：随着退火温度的升高，奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大；退火温度为1050℃时，不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能最好。

Tungsten is considered promising candidate plasma-facing materials, but as there is little research on tungsten coatings as plasma-facing materials, more studies are required. In this paper, tungsten coatings with pyramidal-like surface and columnar crystals were obtained on substrates by adjusting the electrodepositing parameters. The effects of the electrodepositing parameters on the behavior and mechanism of tungsten coatings were studied. In addition, tungsten coatings and rolled tungsten were exposed to deuterium (D) plasma under the same irradiation conditions. The irradiation results showed that there are two D-2 desorption peaks in both the tungsten coatings and rolled tungsten. The retention of D in tungsten coatings was lower than that in rolled tungsten; therefore, it was inferred that the deuterium irradiation resistance of the tungsten coating is better than that of the rolled tungsten. This study on the deuterium irradiation of tungsten coatings provides a reference for the application of 100% tungsten plasma-facing materials in nuclear fusion reactors.

The effective diffusion of Cu in Fe is the key to forming a stable transition layer between copper and low-carbon steel, but it is seriously affected by several factors, especially temperature, and the diffusion of Cu can only be completed at high temperatures. In order to analyze the diffusion coefficient of Cu in low-carbon steel under high temperatures, and to obtain the best diffusion temperature range of Cu in steel, the electrodeposition method was used to prepare the diffusion couple of copper and low-carbon steel, which would be annealed under different temperatures for 6 h; meanwhile, the MD models were also used to analyze the diffusion behavior of Cu in Fe at different temperatures. The results show that the diffusion of Cu in low-carbon steel could be realized by high-temperature annealing, and as the temperature increases, the thickness of the Cu/low-carbon steel transition layer shows an increasing trend. When the annealing temperature is between 900 degrees C and 1000 degrees C, the thickness of the transition layer increases the fastest. The results of the MD models show that, when the temperature is in the phase transition zone, the main restrictive link for the diffusion of Cu in Fe is the phase transition process of Fe; additionally, when the temperature is higher, the main restrictive link for the diffusion of Cu in Fe is the activity of the atom.

高熵合金涂层凭借其独特的设计理念,具有优于传统合金涂层的优异力学性能和物理化学性能,在多个领域得到广泛应用,引起了研究者的关注。本文综述了现阶段高熵合金涂层的主要制备工艺,激光熔覆技术、热喷涂技术、冷喷涂技术、磁控溅射技

采用循环伏安、阴极极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、计时电流等方法对Ni-Co-W合金的电沉积行为及成核机理进行研究。结果表明,Ni-Co-W合金的电沉积是一个存在成核行为的不可逆过程。Ni-Co-W合金的成核机制为瞬时成核,合金的电沉积由动力学和