Small interfering RNA(siRNA)is the initiator of RNA interference,which stimulates the silencing ofcomplementary target mRNA.It is of great significance for gene regulation and disease treatment.It is used inviral infections,cancers,family genetic diseases and autoimmune diseases.As a new type of drug,siRNA isgradually being valued by researchers due to its high efficiency,strong specificity,and easy detection oftherapeutic effects.siRNA used as a drug alone or co-delivered with anti-tumor drugs such as chemotherapy forcancer treatment shows greater application potential than traditional drugs.siRNA drugs have the advantages ofdesignable targeting,convenient synthesis,instantaneous silencing,and strong target specificity.However,theirdelivery also faces obstacles that they are easily degraded in the blood circulation,cleared by the kidney,anddifficult to break through the vascular endothelium/cell membrane/lysosome.Therefore,designing suitablenanocarriers to help siRNA successfully deliver into cells and play a role is an important goal for the developmentof siRNA drugs,and the amout of research in this area is also increasing year by year.The precise design of thenanocarrier material type,size,structure,surface modification,etc.are important factors for the successfuldelivery of siRNA drugs.At present,the design of siRNA drug nanocarriers mainly includes4strategies:loadingsiRNA drugs on the surface of nanocarriers,co-assembly of siRNA drugs and nanocarriers,nanocarriersencapsulating siRNA drugs,and siRNA self-assembly.At this stage,the use of nanocarriers to achieve siRNAdrug delivery has made great progress.With the in-depth research and application development,the precisecontrolled preparation,precise targeted delivery and multifunctionalization of siRNA drug nanocarriers haveachieved good results.However,there are still some problems that need to be overcome by researchers.Forexample,when siRNA drugs are used in the clinic,there are still problems such as inaccurate structure design oftargeted drugs,serious off-target effects,difficulty in achieving endosome escape,and difficulties in large-scalepreparation of nanocarriers.Because of this,only3siRNA drugs have been approved for marketing,namelyOnpattro(Patisiran),Givlaari(Givosiran)and Oxlumo(Lumasiran)developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals.Howto prepare siRNA drugs on a large scale is a major problem facing the clinical application of siRNA drugs,and itwill become a research hotspot.At the same time,with the development of computer technology,combined withartificial intelligence,machine learning and other technologies,drug design with the aid of big data analysis isbecoming a new research and development trend.Intelligent design and precise regulation of siRNAnanomedicine,and the design of multifunctional siRNA nanomedicine that integrates targeting,tracing,and co-delivery with other drugs to achieve synergy is also one of the future development directions of siRNAnano medicine

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and a main cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Even with the successful launch of sorafenib for the clinical treatment of HCC in 2007, the long-term survival for patients with HCC is still suboptimal, largely due to the occurrence of primary or acquired drug resistance. With an improved understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and tumor heterogeneity of HCC, therapeutic options have been evolving rapidly in recent years. While lenvatinib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, and the monoclonal antibody ramucirumab, as well as the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) atezolizumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, have all shown promise in clinical trials, ICIs, especially when administered in combination with molecular-targeted drugs or cytotoxic drugs, have drawn increased attention. Recently, ample relevant clinical studies have surfaced, particularly related to the use of ICIs and exploring the therapeutic potential of ICI combination strategies. A more thorough knowledge of novel treatment strategies should help in decision making for advanced HCC therapy. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of HCC tumorigenesis, relevant trial results for approved HCC therapies, future perspectives, and major challenges for the overall treatment of HCC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and a main cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Even with the successful launch of sorafenib for the clinical treatment of HCC in 2007, the long-term survival for patients with HCC is still suboptimal, largely due to the occurrence of primary or acquired drug resistance. With an improved understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and tumor heterogeneity of HCC, therapeutic options have been evolving rapidly in recent years. While lenvatinib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, and the monoclonal antibody ramucirumab, as well as the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) atezolizumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, have all shown promise in clinical trials, ICIs, especially when administered in combination with molecular-targeted drugs or cytotoxic drugs, have drawn increased attention. Recently, ample relevant clinical studies have surfaced, particularly related to the use of ICIs and exploring the therapeutic potential of ICI combination strategies. A more thorough knowledge of novel treatment strategies should help in decision making for advanced HCC therapy. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of HCC tumorigenesis, relevant trial results for approved HCC therapies, future perspectives, and major challenges for the overall treatment of HCC.

BACKGROUND: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common etiological agents that cause severe gastroenteritis in puppies. Early accurate diagnosis is important for infected dogs. In recent years, magnetic separation has become an efficient and useful tool for bioassays. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on magnetic purification assay was developed for the quantitative detection of CPV-2.; RESULTS: The optimum working reaction volume and reaction time for LFIA was 100muL and 2min, respectively. The PCR-LFIA assay only detected CPV-2, and did not show cross-detection of non-CPV strains. Experiments showed analytical sensitivity of 3*101 copies/muL and demonstrated the PCR-LFIA has a diagnostic agreement of 100% with conventional PCR on detection of clinical samples (22.6% positive, 14/62). Cutoff value is 146. The results were further verified by sequencing and BLAST software. The entire process from PCR step only takes ~80min.; CONCLUSIONS: This approach provides an attractive platform for rapid and quantitative detection of CPV-2, indicating great promise as a convenient molecular detection tool to facilitate disease outbreak investigations and response timely.

With the development of nanotechnology, researchers have successfully constructed isome inorganic nanomaterials, which can mimic the catalytic activity of natural antioxidant enzymes. These nanomaterials can regulate the redox levels of cells by mimicking the catalytic processes of natural enzymes such as peroxidase,I catalase, and superoxide dismutase. This paper describes the intracellular ROS regulation 1 and oxidative stress-related diseases treatment effects of metal compounds nanozymes, noble metal nanozymes amid carbon-based nanozymes from the perspective of their enzyme-like activities. As a new type of enzyme mimic, nanozymes are expected to provide a new strategy for the treatment of diseases in the future biomedical field.

Nanostructured functional materials have demonstrated their great potentials in medical applications, attracting increasing attention because of the opportunities in cancer therapy and the treatment of other ailments. This article reviews the problems and recent advances in the development of magnetic NPs for drug delivery.

With the development of nanotechnology, researchers have successfully constructed isome inorganic nanomaterials, which can mimic the catalytic activity of natural antioxidant enzymes. These nanomaterials can regulate the redox levels of cells by mimicking the catalytic processes of natural enzymes such as peroxidase,I catalase, and superoxide dismutase. This paper describes the intracellular ROS regulation 1 and oxidative stress-related diseases treatment effects of metal compounds nanozymes, noble metal nanozymes amid carbon-based nanozymes from the perspective of their enzyme-like activities. As a new type of enzyme mimic, nanozymes are expected to provide a new strategy for the treatment of diseases in the future biomedical field.

Nanostructured functional materials have demonstrated their great potentials in medical applications, attracting increasing attention because of the opportunities in cancer therapy and the treatment of other ailments. This article reviews the problems and recent advances in the development of magnetic NPs for drug delivery.