＜正＞近30年来,我国青花菜产业取得了显著发展,2017年种植面积超过7.6万hm~2,总产量354.7万t;2012～2018年,青花菜全国市场批发价总体呈高位波动上行趋势,各月价格分布相对稳定,供需基本平衡;我国青花菜贸易以出口为主,2013～2017年年出口量基本稳定在12万t左右;我国青花菜种子市值超3亿元,以进口种子为主;2018年"国家西兰花良种重大联合科研攻关"取得阶段性成果,筛选出一批苗头品种,有的具有替代国外品种的潜力,推广应用前景广阔。

以23份芥蓝纯合自交系和21份杂交F1为试材,采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）测定花薹中莱菔硫烷含量,分析芥蓝花薹中莱菔硫烷含量的变化规律。结果表明:44份芥蓝材料花薹中莱菔硫烷含量变异范围为46.89~419.45mg·kg-1（DW）,供试材料间莱菔硫烷含量差异达显著水平。获得了1份莱菔硫烷含量较高的F1材料A86,含量为419.45mg·kg-1（DW）;3份莱菔硫烷含量较高的高代纯合自交系材料A1、A17和A53,含量分别为298.50、354.19、361.06mg·kg-1（DW）,可用于芥蓝抗癌新品种的选育和利用。

Background The aerial organs of most terrestrial plants are covered by cuticular waxes, which impart plants a glaucous appearance and play important roles in protecting against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite many glossy green (wax-defective) mutants being well characterized in model plants, little is known about the genetic basis of glossy green mutant in broccoli. Results B156 is a spontaneous broccoli mutant showing a glossy green phenotype. Detection by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that B156 is a cuticular wax-defective mutant, lacking waxes mostly longer than C28. Inheritance analysis revealed that this trait was controlled by a single recessive gene, BoGL5. Whole-genome InDel markers were developed, and a segregating F-2 population was constructed to map BoGL5. Ultimately, BoGL5 was mapped to a 94.1 kb interval on C01. The BoCER2 gene, which is homologous to the Arabidopsis CER2 gene, was identified as a candidate of BoGL5 from the target interval. Sequence analyses revealed that Bocer2 in B156 harbored a G-to-T SNP mutation at the 485th nucleotide of the CDS, resulting in a W-to-L transition at the 162nd amino acid, a conserved site adjacent to an HXXXD motif of the deduced protein sequence. Expression analysis revealed that BoCER2 was significantly down-regulated in the leaves, stems, and siliques of B156 mutant than that of B3. Last, ectopic expression of BoCER2 in A. thaliana could, whereas Bocer2 could not, rescue the phenotype of cer2 mutant. Conclusions Overall, this study mapped the locus determining glossy phenotype of B156 and proved BoCER2 is functional gene involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis which would promotes the utilization of BoCER2 to enhance plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and breeding of B. oleracea cultivars with glossy traits.

Glucoraphanin is a major secondary metabolite found in Brassicaceae vegetables, especially broccoli, and its degradation product sulforaphane plays an essential role in anticancer. The fine mapping of sulforaphane metabolism quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in broccoli florets is necessary for future marker-assisted selection strategies. In this study, we utilized a doubled haploid population consisting of 176 lines derived from two inbred lines (86,101 and 90,196) with significant differences in sulforaphane content, coupled with extensive genotypic and phenotypic data from two independent environments. A linkage map consisting of 438 simple sequence repeats markers was constructed, covering a length of 1168.26 cM. A total of 18 QTLs for sulforaphane metabolism in broccoli florets were detected, 10 were detected in 2017, and the other 8 were detected in 2018. The LOD values of all QTLs ranged from 3.06 to 14.47, explaining 1.74-7.03% of the biochemical variation between two years. Finally, 6 QTLs (qSF-C3-1, qSF-C3-2, qSF-C3-3, qSF-C3-5, qSF-C3-6 and qSF-C7) were stably detected in more than one environment, each accounting for 4.54-7.03% of the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) and a total of 30.88-34.86% of PVE. Our study provides new insights into sulforaphane metabolism in broccoli florets and marker-assisted selection breeding in Brassica oleracea crops.

The planting density of broccoli can directly affect the yield and overall health of plants. Nonetheless, studies on the genetic base of planting density in broccoli are rather limited. In this study, the important planting density dependent factors of broccoli, plant height (PH), maximum outer petiole length (PL) and leaf width (LW), were investigated during 2017 and 2018. In this study, mapping of QTL for PH, PL and LW based on a DH population in broccoli, and as well as the interaction between QTLs and the environment. The DH population was constructed with 176 genotypes obtained from F-1 hybrid produced by crossing two different inbred lines 86101 (P-1) and 90196 (P-2). In our study, a linkage group including a total of 438 SSR markers were constructed covering a length of 1168.26 cM using QTL IciMapping 4.0 software. Finally, there were mainly four QTLs (phc1, phc2, phc4-2, phc4-3), one QTL (plc6-2), and two QTLs (lwc1, lwc3-1) corresponding for PH, PL and LW recurred during the two years. In three environments, inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) analysis showed that there was a major QTL for PH at 7.20 cM on chromosome 1 with a high explanatory contribution rate of 20.05 %. The QTL at the 11.10 cM position of chromosome 6 was located for the PL with a high explanatory contribution rate of 20.02 %. The QTL at the 147.00 cM position of chromosome 3 was located on LW with a high explanatory contribution rate of 19.97 %. Interestingly, we found an overlap region (pplc4) in the chromosome 4 containing three QLTs for traits PH, PL, and LW (phc4-2, plc4-3, and lwc4-2). According to this study, the possible positions of candidate genes were screened to provide a basis for further locating and cloning genes for plant height, maximum outer petiole and leaf width, which would be beneficial to breeding of broccoli and the Brassica crops, especially in high planting density.

We aimed to characterize and quantify glucosinolate compounds and contents in broccoli, and a total of 80 genotypes and eight developmental organs were analyzed with UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS. The method was validated in terms of performance, and the coefficients of determination (R-2) were 0.97 and 0.99 for glucoraphanin and gluconapin, respectively. In 80 genotypes, twelve glucosinolates were found in broccoli florets ranging from 0.467 to 57.156 mu mol/g DW, with the highest glucosinolate content being approximately 122-fold higher than the lowest value. The principal component of glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin and glucoraphanin explained 60.53% of the total variance. There were positive correlations among hydroxyglucobrassicin, methoxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, glucoerucin, gluconasturtiin, glucoraphanin, and glucotropaeolin (P < 0.05). The root contained 43% of total glucosinolates in 80 genotypes, and glucoraphanin represented 29% of the total glucosinolate content in different organs. The mutant broccoli genotypes were found by analysis of gluconapin contents in different organs.

We explored the potential application of sulforaphane against influenza A virus and elucidated the underlying cytopathic effect (CPE) and cytotoxicity. In the present study, 2 sulforaphane products were used to investigate the CPEs on influenza A virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and to conduct a cytotoxicity test. One was the standard sample and the other was extracted from broccoli seeds. The 2 products of sulforaphane were each diluted to different concentrations. The results indicated that sulforaphane possessed antiviral activity against influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus, and the standard sulforaphane sample showed biological activity against influenza virus with low cytotoxicity at concentrations of 6.25 to 12.5 mu M. The same phenomenon was observed with a broccoli seed extract concentration of sulforaphane of 6.25 mu M. Both samples displayed higher cytotoxicity at 50 mu M of sulforaphane, and the extract samples showed stronger cytotoxicity at sulforaphane concentrations of 12.5 to 100 mu M compared with the standard, particularly at 100 mu M. In conclusion, natural sulforaphane from broccoli seeds showed potential as an agent against influenza A virus infection, and the CPE after treatment with sulforaphane was concentration dependent; a suitable sulforaphane concentration of 6.25 mu M is suggested and was demonstrated as effective, with high antiviral activity and low cytotoxicity.

Sulforaphane is a new and effective anti-cancer component that is abundant in broccoli. In the past few years, the patterns of variability in glucosinolate content and its regulation in A. thaliana have been described in detail. However, the diversity of glucosinolate and sulforaphane contents in different organs during vegetative and reproductive stages has not been clearly explained. In this paper, we firstly investigated the transcriptome profiles of the developing buds and leaves at bolting stage of broccoli (B52) to further assess the gene expression patterns involved in sulforaphane synthesis. The CYP79F1 gene, as well as nine other genes related to glucorahpanin biosynthesis, MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GSOX1, MY, AOP2, AOP3, ESP and ESM1 were selected by digital gene expression analysis and were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Meanwhile, the compositions of glucosinolates and sulforaphane were detected for correlation analysis with related genes. Finally the RNA sequencing libraries generated 147 957 344 clean reads, and 8 539 unigene assemblies were produced. In digital result, only CYP79F1, in the glucoraphanin pathway, was up-regulated in young buds but absent from the other organs, which was consistent with the highest level of sulforaphane content being in this organ compared to mature buds, buds one day before flowering, flowers and leaves. The sequencing results also presented that auxin and cytokinin might affect glucoraphanin accumulation. The study revealed that up-regulated expression of CYP79F1 plays a fundamental and direct role in sulforaphane production in inflorescences. Two genes of MAM1 and St5b-2 could up-regulated glucoraphanin generation. Synergistic expression of MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GSOX1, MY, ESP and ESM1 was found in sulforaphane metabolism. This study will be beneficial for understanding the diversity of sulforaphane in broccoli organs.

Broccoli is a worldwide vegetable famous for good nutrition that is particularly rich in sulforaphane. The evolution of 95 broccoli cultivars that were widely collected and cultivated in China since 1980 was evaluated using 35 pairs of SSR markers. Thirty-five markers were selected from 960 pairs of SSR markers designed from Brassica oleracea, rapa and napus by two resources with different maturity periods. The results revealed that all 35 pairs of SSR markers were polymorphic, and 167 alleles were amplified with an average of 4.8 per marker. The mean content was 0.79 for polymorphism information, with a range from 0.48 to 0.99. The genetic diversity indexes ranged from 0.6909 to 0.8969, with an average of 0.7809. Genetic diversity analysis indicated the 95 genotypes could be separated into five primary sub-groups at a 0.72 distance. Sub-group A included more than 70% of genotypes with early and mid-early maturating cultivars, and the cultivars covered more than 87% of the genotypes of the 95 materials, including the primary cultivars widely planted that directed the domestication of broccoli in China in the past 37 years. Sub-groups B and C contained one inbred line with high generation and one DH line, respectively, suggesting both were innovative resources in cultivation. Sub-groups D and E were all inbred lines, and sub-group D had six members with similar characteristics: small florets, high-domed head, tall plants with nearly no lateral branches and good heat tolerance. Sub-group E had five members that presented similar wrinkle leaf morphology, and most matured at an intermediate rate, except IVF-B18. In this study, the evolution of broccoli cultivars in China was first summarized overall, together with their characteristics and distributions in China. Our study provides important information on genetic diversity and for cultivar replacement of broccoli in China, in addition to two new germplasms and polymorphism markers for research and molecular breeding.