Ammonia serves as a critical industrial feedstock and a potential carbon-free energy carrier. However, its conventional synthesis method (the Haber-Bosch process) suffers from high energy consumption and substantial carbon emissions. The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO(3)RR) has emerged as a promising alternative pathway, capable of converting nitrate pollutants in water into high-value ammonia under mild conditions, enabling green synthesis while offering dual benefits of environmental remediation and energy conversion. Single-atom catalysts (SACs), with their maximal atom utilization efficiency, well-defined active sites, and highly tunable electronic structures, have demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance and selectivity in eNO(3)RR. This review systematically summarizes recent advances of SACs in eNO(3)RR, with a focus on reaction mechanisms, advanced in situ characterization techniques, theoretical calculation, and the catalytic behavior and structure-activity relationships of various non-noble metal centers (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co). Key strategies for enhancing SACs performance are elaborated, alongside an analysis of microenvironmental influences such as electrolyte composition, pH, and potential. Finally, we outlines current challenges in material design, dynamic active site identification, and the industrial application of SACs, and propose future research directions aimed at facilitating the practical implementation of eNO(3)RR technology and contributing to the establishment of a sustainable ammonia economy.

Acrylic polyester resin is an important synthetic resin. It has become an indispensable material in many fields due to its excellent mechanical strength, outstanding corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures. However, as the market demand for acrylic polyester resin continues to grow, some technical challenges encountered during the production process have gradually emerged. Due to the changes in temperature and viscosity of the polymerization reaction, as well as the limitations of the parameters of the reaction conditions, the production process of acrylic polyester resins leads to insufficient yield to meet the market demand. This paper comprehensively introduces the synthesis method of acrylic polyester resin and systematically analyzes the key steps in the synthesis of acrylic polyester resin. This paper provides new insights and a practical basis for improving the production process, which is of great significance to meet the growing industrial demand and promote the sustainable development of this field.

The selection of the extractant is an important consideration for the design of liquid-liquid extraction processes. Researchers are paying more attention to a priori predictions of liquid-liquid equilibria. The predictive and fully open-source thermodynamic model COSMO-SAC (conductor-like screening model-segment activity coefficient) uses quantum chemical calculations for calculating activity coefficients and thermodynamic properties. Through a brief review of the recent advances of COSMO-SAC in predicting liquid-liquid equilibrium of ionic liquid systems, this work assessed the accuracy of prediction for different chemical family combinations and generated directions for future improvement.

The selection of the extractant is an important consideration for the design of liquid-liquid extraction processes. Researchers are paying more attention to a priori predictions of liquid-liquid equilibria. The predictive and fully open-source thermodynamic model COSMO-SAC (conductor-like screening model-segment activity coefficient) uses quantum chemical calculations for calculating activity coefficients and thermodynamic properties. Through a brief review of the recent advances of COSMO-SAC in predicting liquid-liquid equilibrium of ionic liquid systems, this work assessed the accuracy of prediction for different chemical family combinations and generated directions for future improvement.