Технология оценки экологического состояния Московского мегаполиса на основе анализа химического состава микрочастиц в системе «атмосфера-снег-дорожная пыль-почвы-поверхностные воды»(Мегаполис)
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In this regard,it is extremely important to trace the fate of these pollutants in the urban environment and to evaluate their accumulation in the components of urban landscapes and its hazard.To solve this problem,the integrated analysis of the chemical composition of aerosols,snow,road dust,soil microparticles and suspended matter in river streams is particularly necessary.The scientific significance of these studies is determined by the need for further development of the theory and methodology of urban landscape geochemistry,which is the scientific basis for elaborating effective strategies for environmental monitoring,assessment and forecasting the ecological and geochemical state of the environment,as well as for developing scientifically based measures to reduce the dangerous effects of pollution in the metropolis.
The multicomponent compositions of aerosols and their influence on the processes of sedimentation and accumulation in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system with numerous emission sources and long-term evolution in the atmosphere during distant transport create one of the most difficult problems in modern foundamental atmospheric research.Its solution requires the development of analytical methods for physicochemical analysis of microparticles.Therefore,the first specific project objective is the quantitative characterization of the composition of microparticles with the diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM10 and PM2.5),including the elemental carbon content,the concentrations of ionic and organic compounds and elements in the components of urban landscapes under varying meteorological conditions and seasonal variation during the year.For the winter period,it is important to obtain geochemical data on the composition of snow cover,which accumulates depositing aerosol.Its oxygen-isotope and deuterium composition contains information on the origin of air masses participating in the regional transfer of pollutants.
The second objective of the project is to develop a unified approach to the analysis of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols and microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system,which should assimilate various methods for isolating pollution components in separate natural media.Special attention will be paid to the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the composition of microparticles in separate natural environments of the metropolis,as well as background areas of the Moscow region.It is planned to develop a methodology for analyzing the fractional group composition of microparticles to describe the soil-geochemical patterns of background and polluted landscapes.
The third task is to assess the contribution of possible sources of aerosols in Moscow metropolis to the chemical composition of microparticles in the atmosphere,snow,road dust and soils.Its solution will make it possible to determine the importance of industrial,transport and natural sources,the long-range transport factor and the role of soil and dust components added to the atmosphere.The collected information on the concentrations of priority pollutants and the characteristic sizes of microparticles in the composition of vehicle emissions and large industrial enterprises of Moscow will serve as the basis for their identification.Quantitative assessment of pollution sources will be carried out using statistical methods of multivariate analysis(Source Apportionment,SA).Previously,such technologies and techniques were absent,which made it difficult to assess the contribution of emissions from different sources to the total pollution and impeded the development of measures to reduce them.
The fourth task is to determine the contribution of atmospheric,catchment and channel sources to the formation of substance fluxes in the Moscow river basin.To assess and predict the state of the river system,a technology of integrated environmental and geochemical analysis of the microparticles fluxes in the“atmospheric aerosol-suspended sediments-bottom sediments-channel deposits”system will be developed and tested.The Moscow River is the most geochemically modified river system of Russia,experiencing the maximum anthropogenic load.At the same time,the extent of these changes have not been well understood.The project will implement a basin approach to assessing the composition of the river flows based on data from 4 reference stations located in different parts of the basin.
The fifth objective is to assess the environmental risk associated with the accumulation of hazardous toxic substances in microparticles of aerosols,soils and road dust.Two main groups of pollutants will be considered-heavy metals and metalloids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic.The MPCs and APCs of many elements in the first group of pollutants as well as the daily intake doses for adults and children exist.In the polyarene group,the hygienic standard has been developed only for benzo(a)pyrene and the daily intake doses exist only for half of the compounds to be determined.Therefore,for other PAHs the equivalence factors that characterize the relative danger of individual PAHs compared to benzo(a)pyrene will be used.Quantitative assessment of risks to public health will permit more targeted environmental monitoring in the metropolis,to assess environmental pollution and danger for citizens in a more reliable way and on this basis to plan environmental protection measures.
The novelty of the planned research lies in the development of environmental and geochemical studies in urbanized areas using the data on pollutants concentrated in microparticles.This approach has already been successfully applied to aerosols;in this project,an attempt will be made to implement it for the integrated analysis of chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system of the metropolis and background territories.Solving the tasks formulated in the project proposals will create a scientific and technological foundation for the development of scientifically-based tools of environmental monitoring in urbanized territories and advance measures aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban population,which will ensure economic growth and social development of the Russian Federation.
Expected results:A technology of integrated analysis of the chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system will be developed and tested to assess the ecological state of Moscow metropolis.The implementation of the proposed new approach for studying aerosol loads and the responses of natural media in the metropolis will provide a quantitative assessment of the contribution of pollution sources and its impact on public health.
The aerosol measurement technologies in the urban environment will be improved on the basis of the standards adopted in the global monitoring network GAW.The instrumental basis for conducting full-scale atmospheric research will be the creation of a mobile complex for sampling atmospheric aerosols,which differs from stationary aetalometers by its small size,sensitivity and efficiency.The technology of aetalometric measurements of the black carbon content in the urban environment with multiple sources of combustion of natural fuels and biomass will be developed.
For a comprehensive analysis of the aerosols composition and for determination of the ionic fraction,polyaromatic compounds and elements,chemical analytical methods will be improved.As a result of several measurement campaigns cariied out at several sites in Moscow and in the background areas,the unique data on the chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-road dust(snow)-soil”system will be obtained in relation to meteorological conditions in different seasons of the year.Their integrated analysis will provide identification of pollution sources in the urban environment and environmental assessment of hazardous impacts and pollution levels in the metropolis.Sources of pollution will be determined on the basis of new quantitative data on the volumes,structure and chemical composition of emissions released by motor vehicles and industrial enterprises.In addition to the emission profiles related to transport and industries,the emissions of power complex,biomass burning will be taken into account including also the formation of secondary organic aerosols,as well as long-range atmospheric transport.
The patterns in the spatial variation of chemical composition of road dust in the city and its dependence on natural and anthropogenic factors will be established.A quantitative assessment of risks associated with the presence of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic heavy metals and metalloids in road dust will be obtained for two urban groups,children and adults,and areas with the most and least favorable living conditions will be identified.The impact of road sizes and geometry of the transport network,which strengthen or weaken the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in road dust microparticles,will be assessed.
The models representing geochemical patterns of radial and lateral distributions of heavy metals and metalloids in soil microparticles will be obtained for background areas located in the Smolensk-Moscow Upland and the Meshchera Lowland.The applied approach to the analysis of the particle-size fractionation of metals will be used to assess the environmental and geochemical state of urban soils and determine the degree of their technogenic geochemical transformation.A comprehensive study of the elemental composition of soil microparticles in the Moscow region,carried out according to a unified methodology with the involvement of the results of fractional group composition,has no analogues in Russia and the world.
The technology of using isotope-oxygen and deuterium markers as a pass-through tracer for studying the evolution of isotopic light and isotopic heavy moisture in the subsystem“atmosphere-snow cover-melt snow water-river water”will be developed.Isotopic-extra-light(winter)and isotopic-extra-heavy(autumn and spring)snowfalls play a special role in isotopic indication of moisture origin,as the tracers are preserved and can be revealed in the isotopic stratification of snow cover,which allow one to separate the snow strata into autumn,winter and spring layers,independently on the structural features and snow pollution.These differences are expressed in isotopic-extra-light and isotopic-extra-heavy snow melt water flowing into the Moscow river and its tributaries.Using the method of back trajectories and the HYSPLIT model of atmospheric transport,the sources of air masses that brought precipitation of individual snowfalls and rains in Moscow will be established.
For the first time,the composition of river suspensions will be studied in relation to atmospheric,erosion and channel processes,as well as economic activity.As a result,a conceptual scheme describing the migration and transformation of microparticles derived from various sources in the river flows will be developed.It will be tested with the compositional data on suspended sediments collected at four key stations in the river Moscow basin.For this purpose,a database will be created on the current and forecasted hydrological and geochemical regime of the Moscow river,providing an assessment of the formation and transformation of the flow of microparticles along the of the river system at different sites.
An integral classification of the composition of microparticles in terms of the constituent substances in atmosphere,pedosphere and hydrosphere within an extended size range,which takes into account a wide variety of physical,chemical,isotope-geochemical characteristics of microparticles,will be elaborated.
1.Application of Ultrasound in Isolating Microparticles from Soils and Road Dust to Determine Their Elemental Composition
- 关键词：
- soil texture; chemical elements; Glossi & scy; Retisol; Calcaric ChernicPhaeozem; Urbic Technosol;PARTICLE-SIZE
- Enchilik, P. R.;Bezberdaya, L. A.;Kosheleva, N. E.;Lebedeva, M. P.;Semenkov, I. N.;Vasilchuk, J. Yu.;Kasimov, N. S.
- 《EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE》
- 2026年
- 59卷
- 3期
- 期刊
Microparticles with diameters <1 and 1-10 mu m (PM1 and PM1-10) are the most important components of road and city dust and atmospheric aerosols, soils, and other accumulators of toxic substances. The research examines sample preparation techniques and evaluates their influence on the results of the analysis of chemical composition of PM1 and PM1-10. The analyzed samples were taken from the sandy loamy umbric horizon of background southern taiga Glossi & scy; Retisol and the clayey loamy chernic horizon of steppe Calcaric Chernic Phaeozem, as well as the contaminated upper horizon of Moscow Urbic Technosol and Sevastopol road dust. Microparticles were isolated using centrifugation without ultrasonic dispersion and with single and multiple dispersion. The trace element composition was analyzed by mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. A single ultrasonic dispersion destroyed microaggregates, which led to an increase in the concentration of elements in PM1 and PM1-10 from Retisols and Urbic Technosols A horizon. In the Calcaric Chernic Phaeozem and Sevastopol road dust PM1 fraction, a single ultrasonic dispersion did not affect the concentration of elements in the PM1 and PM1-10, while repeated exposure destroyed the crystal structure of mixed-layer minerals of the kaolinite-chlorite group with low absorption capacity depleted in microelements, leading to a decrease in the concentration of elements. The obtained results showed feasibility of a single ultrasonic dispersion of samples to isolate PM1 and PM1-10 in sandy and loamy soils of the Moscow region; the use of ultrasonic dispersion to obtain PM1 and PM1-10 from clayey loamy soils and road dust in Crimea turned out to be ineffective.
...2.Isolation of Microparticles from Soils and Road Dust to Determine Their Elemental Composition
- 关键词：
- particle size distribution; heavy metals and metalloids; physical clay;sample preparation; separation of microparticles; decantation;PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; HEAVY-METALS; PM10;METALLOIDS; SEPARATION; NANO
- Bezberdaya, L. A.;Enchilik, P. R.;Kosheleva, N. E.;Vasilchuk, J. Yu.;Semenkov, I. N.;Vlasov, D. V.;Kasimov, N. S.
- 《EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE》
- 2026年
- 59卷
- 3期
- 期刊
In this paper, we propose a method for isolating PM1 and PM10 microparticles from soil and road dust samples using centrifugation. The dispersion of soils and dust was carried out by ultrasonic dispersion at a sound wave power of 30 kHz. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test the technique by isolating PM1 microparticles from the background sandy loamy umbric horizon of Retisol and the polluted surface horizon of Urban Technosol within the southern taiga; the clay loamy chernic horizon of Calcaric Chernic Phaeozem and road dust within the steppe zone with transitions to forest-steppe landscapes. This was achieved through decantation and by varying the speeds and times of centrifugation. The particle size distribution and elemental compositions of the isolated microparticles were analyzed using laser diffraction particle sizer, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The median size of the microparticles isolated using the recommended centrifugation parameters (1100 rpm for 8 min) was found to be 3 & micro;m for the umbric horizon of Retisol, 1 & micro;m for the surface horizon of urban soil, and 0.8 & micro;m for the chernic horizon of Calcaric Chernic Phaeozem and road dust. The study's results demonstrated the potential of the proposed fractionation technique for extracting PM1 and PM10 microparticles from soils, road dust, and other environmental compartments. Increasing the number of rotations and the duration of centrifugation beyond the standard parameters leads to an overestimation of the concentrations of many elements in all four samples due to the deposition of particles of 1 mu m or more in size.
...3.Seasonal dynamics of chemical element mobility in forested soil catenae of central European Russia
- 关键词：
- Heavy metals and metalloids; Extractable fractions; Exchangeablefractions; Complex and specifically adsorbed fractions; Fractionation;Mobility index;ORGANIC-MATTER; PLANTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; STRONTIUM; ZINC; LEAD; IRON
- Enchilik, Polina R.;Minkina, Tatiana M.;Aseeva, Elena N.;Semenkov, Ivan N.;Terskaya, Elena, V;Kosheleva, Natalia E.;Wong, Ming Hung;Kasimov, Nikolay S.
- 《CATENA》
- 2025年
- 261卷
- 期
- 期刊
This study focused on the seasonal variations in the vertical and catenary distribution of elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Zn) in loamy soils (Retisol and Stagnosol) under mixed and spruce forests in central European Russia, 300 km northwest of Moscow. Soil samples were collected in spring, summer, and twice in autumn and analyzed using ICP-MS/AES for total concentration and three mobile fractions (exchangeable, complex, specifically adsorbed fractions extracted by NH4Ac, NH4Ac-EDTA, and 1 M HNO3, respectively). Our results indicated that the total element concentration have relatively stable vertical differentiation in soils in all seasons. Exchangeable and complex fractions accumulated in the topsoil horizons, while specifically adsorbed fractions enriched the subsoil. Humus horizons showed a higher proportion (30-90 %) of exchangeable fractions of Cd, Mn, Sr, and Rb, suggesting their greater mobility and phytoavailability. The contributions of the individual mobile fractions to their total amount showed minimal seasonal variation. Catenary distribution of the mobile fractions differed seasonally according to the moisture content and plant growth stage. The highest mobility, defined as the proportion of the mobile fractions relative to the total element content, was observed in acidic humus horizons: Cd and Pb had the highest mobility (99 %), followed by Co (90), Mn, Zn, Ni (60), Cu (50), Fe (40), La (30), Sr (20), Cr (10), Rb (3). The mobility of the elements significantly decreased in the B and C horizons. The positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the proportion of the mobile fractions and soil organic matter and clay content was identified, highlighting these constituents' importance in controlling the element mobility in the soil environment. Our research provides essential data for future studies on soil mobility and its implications for environmental monitoring, pollution assessment, and land management.
...4.Seasonal and wildfire biomass burning impact on gas-fuel heated northern European megacity: brown carbon apportionment
- 关键词：
- Gas supply;Biomass-burning;Black carbon;Brown carbons;Cold season;Heating period;Megacities;Population health;Source;Urban areas;Warm seasons
- Popovicheva, Olga;Chichaeva, Marina;Kovach, Roman;Tsai, Ying I.;Diapouli, Evangelia;Kasimov, Nikolay
- 《Atmospheric Environment》
- 2025年
- 357卷
- 期
- 期刊
Biomass burning (BB) has a major impact on air quality and population health, with the brown carbon (BrC) of special concern as an important source of pollution and absorbing incoming radiation. The impact of BB was quantified in an urban area of Moscow, the northern gas-fuel heated European megacity, during warm and cold seasons. Real-time measurements of aerosol optical properties were performed by an aethalometer. Heating and non-heating periods are marked by Absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) equal 1.1 and 1.2, spring agricultural and summer wildfires by 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. Light absorption babs of 10 ± 9 Mm−1 at 880 nm and 29 ± 27 Mm−1 at 370 nm was independent on heating activity. No significant seasonal difference was revealed by mass absorption coefficient for black carbon (BC) of 13.5 m2 g−1 and BrC of 0.9 m2 g−1. BC contribution to total absorption dominated in all wavelength ranges and seasons. During heating period, BrC contribution to total absorption at 370 nm (%babsBrC) was 16 ± 21 %, lower than in other European and Asian megacities where populations widely burn biomass and coal. It was 24 ± 31 % in spring due to agricultural fire impact and increased BB activity because of the population migration out of the city during the May holiday. Ryazan wildfire plumes affected Moscow, with babs(880) and babs(370) increase 1.7 and 2.4 times, respectively, with a high %babsBrC of 37 ± 59 %, and strong BrC absorption capacity in both day and nighttime. The relative absorption forcing of BrC compared to BC was estimated to range between 36.2 ± 1.1 % and 29.8 ± 2.7 % in ultraviolet and visible radiation range, respectively. Backward trajectory cluster and concentration weighted trajectory analyses revealed the regional origin of BB sources, coinciding with areas of observed wildfires. Collocated 12 h sampling and chemical composition analyses of BB tracers (levoglucosan and K+) identified the emission sources by significant correlations with BrC absorption. Four factors of BrC apportionment were identified via positive matrix factorization, showing contributions from fossil fuel combustion and secondary organic (82 %), and BB (18 %). As a result, regional population activity and spring and summer wildfires highlighted the uniqueness of Moscow as the northern gas-fuel heated megacity for BB impact studies in Europe and Asia. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
...5.野火对欧洲特大城市莫斯科大气颗粒物化学组成的影响
- 关键词：
- 野火;莫斯科;PM10;碳质气溶胶;水溶性无机离子
- 黄泽亮;曹芳;Olga B.Popovicheva;杨笑影;Roman G.Kovach;Nikolay S.Kasimov;谢锋;吴长流;章炎麟
- 《地球与环境》
- 2025年
- 53卷
- 6期
- 期刊
野火是大气颗粒物的重要来源,并通过大气输送对区域大气环境产生重要影响.本研究于2022年6-9月在特大城市莫斯科背景点采集PM10样品,期间距城市200 km的梁赞森林发生野火.通过分析碳质组分(有机碳OC、元素碳EC)和水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)的浓度变化,评估野火对PM10组成的影响.结合后向轨迹和火点图,确定8月发生的两次PM10浓度显著升高的污染事件(事件1和事件2)受到野火烟羽的影响.事件1和事件2期间,PM10均值分别为(44.1±7.2)和(71.0±19.2)μg/m3,是城市背景期间的1.9倍和3.0倍,且夜间PM10浓度高于白天.与城市背景期相比,OC和EC浓度均有显著增高,有机物(OM)在PM10中的占比在事件1和事件2中分别升至68.3％和73.2％.SOC浓度在事件1和事件2中分别较城市背景期间(3.9±1.9 μg/m3)上升2.0和4.8倍,且SOC占OC的比重升至60％以上.野火烟羽传输的影响...
...6.Effects of braking conditions on nanoparticle emissions from passenger car friction brakes
- Science of the Total Environment,Vol.788,Article ID: 147779
7.Overview: Recent advances on the understanding of the Northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China - Pan Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program perspective
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.
8.Загрязнение Московского мегаполиса: мониторинг химического состава микрочастиц в системе «атмосфера-снег-дорожная пыль-почвы-поверхностные воды»
- Метеорология и Гидрология.
9.В МГУ выявили скрытые яды в запечатанной под асфальтом почве
- Электронное периодическое издание «MK.ru»,03.11.2021,Наталья Веденеева
10.Longitudinal patterns of different pollutant concentrations in the Setun River
- IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,Vol.834.Article ID: 012051
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