Технология оценки экологического состояния Московского мегаполиса на основе анализа химического состава микрочастиц в системе «атмосфера-снег-дорожная пыль-почвы-поверхностные воды»(Мегаполис)
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In this regard,it is extremely important to trace the fate of these pollutants in the urban environment and to evaluate their accumulation in the components of urban landscapes and its hazard.To solve this problem,the integrated analysis of the chemical composition of aerosols,snow,road dust,soil microparticles and suspended matter in river streams is particularly necessary.The scientific significance of these studies is determined by the need for further development of the theory and methodology of urban landscape geochemistry,which is the scientific basis for elaborating effective strategies for environmental monitoring,assessment and forecasting the ecological and geochemical state of the environment,as well as for developing scientifically based measures to reduce the dangerous effects of pollution in the metropolis.
The multicomponent compositions of aerosols and their influence on the processes of sedimentation and accumulation in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system with numerous emission sources and long-term evolution in the atmosphere during distant transport create one of the most difficult problems in modern foundamental atmospheric research.Its solution requires the development of analytical methods for physicochemical analysis of microparticles.Therefore,the first specific project objective is the quantitative characterization of the composition of microparticles with the diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM10 and PM2.5),including the elemental carbon content,the concentrations of ionic and organic compounds and elements in the components of urban landscapes under varying meteorological conditions and seasonal variation during the year.For the winter period,it is important to obtain geochemical data on the composition of snow cover,which accumulates depositing aerosol.Its oxygen-isotope and deuterium composition contains information on the origin of air masses participating in the regional transfer of pollutants.
The second objective of the project is to develop a unified approach to the analysis of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols and microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system,which should assimilate various methods for isolating pollution components in separate natural media.Special attention will be paid to the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the composition of microparticles in separate natural environments of the metropolis,as well as background areas of the Moscow region.It is planned to develop a methodology for analyzing the fractional group composition of microparticles to describe the soil-geochemical patterns of background and polluted landscapes.
The third task is to assess the contribution of possible sources of aerosols in Moscow metropolis to the chemical composition of microparticles in the atmosphere,snow,road dust and soils.Its solution will make it possible to determine the importance of industrial,transport and natural sources,the long-range transport factor and the role of soil and dust components added to the atmosphere.The collected information on the concentrations of priority pollutants and the characteristic sizes of microparticles in the composition of vehicle emissions and large industrial enterprises of Moscow will serve as the basis for their identification.Quantitative assessment of pollution sources will be carried out using statistical methods of multivariate analysis(Source Apportionment,SA).Previously,such technologies and techniques were absent,which made it difficult to assess the contribution of emissions from different sources to the total pollution and impeded the development of measures to reduce them.
The fourth task is to determine the contribution of atmospheric,catchment and channel sources to the formation of substance fluxes in the Moscow river basin.To assess and predict the state of the river system,a technology of integrated environmental and geochemical analysis of the microparticles fluxes in the“atmospheric aerosol-suspended sediments-bottom sediments-channel deposits”system will be developed and tested.The Moscow River is the most geochemically modified river system of Russia,experiencing the maximum anthropogenic load.At the same time,the extent of these changes have not been well understood.The project will implement a basin approach to assessing the composition of the river flows based on data from 4 reference stations located in different parts of the basin.
The fifth objective is to assess the environmental risk associated with the accumulation of hazardous toxic substances in microparticles of aerosols,soils and road dust.Two main groups of pollutants will be considered-heavy metals and metalloids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic.The MPCs and APCs of many elements in the first group of pollutants as well as the daily intake doses for adults and children exist.In the polyarene group,the hygienic standard has been developed only for benzo(a)pyrene and the daily intake doses exist only for half of the compounds to be determined.Therefore,for other PAHs the equivalence factors that characterize the relative danger of individual PAHs compared to benzo(a)pyrene will be used.Quantitative assessment of risks to public health will permit more targeted environmental monitoring in the metropolis,to assess environmental pollution and danger for citizens in a more reliable way and on this basis to plan environmental protection measures.
The novelty of the planned research lies in the development of environmental and geochemical studies in urbanized areas using the data on pollutants concentrated in microparticles.This approach has already been successfully applied to aerosols;in this project,an attempt will be made to implement it for the integrated analysis of chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system of the metropolis and background territories.Solving the tasks formulated in the project proposals will create a scientific and technological foundation for the development of scientifically-based tools of environmental monitoring in urbanized territories and advance measures aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban population,which will ensure economic growth and social development of the Russian Federation.
Expected results:A technology of integrated analysis of the chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-snow-road dust-soils-surface water”system will be developed and tested to assess the ecological state of Moscow metropolis.The implementation of the proposed new approach for studying aerosol loads and the responses of natural media in the metropolis will provide a quantitative assessment of the contribution of pollution sources and its impact on public health.
The aerosol measurement technologies in the urban environment will be improved on the basis of the standards adopted in the global monitoring network GAW.The instrumental basis for conducting full-scale atmospheric research will be the creation of a mobile complex for sampling atmospheric aerosols,which differs from stationary aetalometers by its small size,sensitivity and efficiency.The technology of aetalometric measurements of the black carbon content in the urban environment with multiple sources of combustion of natural fuels and biomass will be developed.
For a comprehensive analysis of the aerosols composition and for determination of the ionic fraction,polyaromatic compounds and elements,chemical analytical methods will be improved.As a result of several measurement campaigns cariied out at several sites in Moscow and in the background areas,the unique data on the chemical composition of microparticles in the“atmosphere-road dust(snow)-soil”system will be obtained in relation to meteorological conditions in different seasons of the year.Their integrated analysis will provide identification of pollution sources in the urban environment and environmental assessment of hazardous impacts and pollution levels in the metropolis.Sources of pollution will be determined on the basis of new quantitative data on the volumes,structure and chemical composition of emissions released by motor vehicles and industrial enterprises.In addition to the emission profiles related to transport and industries,the emissions of power complex,biomass burning will be taken into account including also the formation of secondary organic aerosols,as well as long-range atmospheric transport.
The patterns in the spatial variation of chemical composition of road dust in the city and its dependence on natural and anthropogenic factors will be established.A quantitative assessment of risks associated with the presence of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic heavy metals and metalloids in road dust will be obtained for two urban groups,children and adults,and areas with the most and least favorable living conditions will be identified.The impact of road sizes and geometry of the transport network,which strengthen or weaken the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in road dust microparticles,will be assessed.
The models representing geochemical patterns of radial and lateral distributions of heavy metals and metalloids in soil microparticles will be obtained for background areas located in the Smolensk-Moscow Upland and the Meshchera Lowland.The applied approach to the analysis of the particle-size fractionation of metals will be used to assess the environmental and geochemical state of urban soils and determine the degree of their technogenic geochemical transformation.A comprehensive study of the elemental composition of soil microparticles in the Moscow region,carried out according to a unified methodology with the involvement of the results of fractional group composition,has no analogues in Russia and the world.
The technology of using isotope-oxygen and deuterium markers as a pass-through tracer for studying the evolution of isotopic light and isotopic heavy moisture in the subsystem“atmosphere-snow cover-melt snow water-river water”will be developed.Isotopic-extra-light(winter)and isotopic-extra-heavy(autumn and spring)snowfalls play a special role in isotopic indication of moisture origin,as the tracers are preserved and can be revealed in the isotopic stratification of snow cover,which allow one to separate the snow strata into autumn,winter and spring layers,independently on the structural features and snow pollution.These differences are expressed in isotopic-extra-light and isotopic-extra-heavy snow melt water flowing into the Moscow river and its tributaries.Using the method of back trajectories and the HYSPLIT model of atmospheric transport,the sources of air masses that brought precipitation of individual snowfalls and rains in Moscow will be established.
For the first time,the composition of river suspensions will be studied in relation to atmospheric,erosion and channel processes,as well as economic activity.As a result,a conceptual scheme describing the migration and transformation of microparticles derived from various sources in the river flows will be developed.It will be tested with the compositional data on suspended sediments collected at four key stations in the river Moscow basin.For this purpose,a database will be created on the current and forecasted hydrological and geochemical regime of the Moscow river,providing an assessment of the formation and transformation of the flow of microparticles along the of the river system at different sites.
An integral classification of the composition of microparticles in terms of the constituent substances in atmosphere,pedosphere and hydrosphere within an extended size range,which takes into account a wide variety of physical,chemical,isotope-geochemical characteristics of microparticles,will be elaborated.