Application Abstract: The studies have solved two critical issues of the large cylindrical profile measurement online:one is how to accurately measure and reconstruct the cylindrical profile,the other is how to evaluate the cylindricity error according to a criterion of the envelope requirement.Research’s practical significance lies in achieving high precision online reconstruction cylindrical profile in the measurement environment of the uncertain error motions of the slider and the spindle,with which the form errors including cylindricity,generatrix straightness,roundness and taper can be evaluated high-accurately.Research achievements enriche the form error online measurement theories,and expande the theory of error separation from two-dimensional to three-dimensional.The proposed methods provides valuable technical means for online precision measurement of large cylinder parts profile so that national equipment manufacturing technology level is promoted.Studies have some important scientific significances and application values.