In-depth studies have been conducted on the risk of exposure to air pollution in urban residents, but most of them are static studies based on the population of residential units. Ignoring the real environmental dynamics during daily activity and mobility of individual residents makes it difficult to accurately estimate the level of air pollution exposure among residents and determine populations at higher risk of exposure. This paper uses the example of the Wuhan metropolitan area, high-precision air pollution, and population spatio-temporal dynamic distribution data, and applies geographically weighted regression models, bivariate LISA analysis, and Gini coefficients. The risk of air pollution exposure in elderly, low-age, and working-age communities in Wuhan was measured and the health equity within vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children was studied. We found that ignoring the spatio-temporal behavioral activities of residents underestimated the actual exposure hazard of PM2.5 to residents. The risk of air pollution exposure was higher for the elderly than for other age groups. Within the aging group, a few elderly people had a higher risk of pollution exposure. The high exposure risk communities of the elderly were mainly located in the central and sub-center areas of the city, with a continuous distribution characteristic. No significant difference was found in the exposure risk of children compared to the other populations, but a few children were particularly exposed to pollution. Children's high-exposure communities were mainly located in suburban areas, with a discrete distribution. Compared with the traditional static PM2.5 exposure assessment, the dynamic assessment method proposed in this paper considers the high mobility of the urban population and air pollution. Thus, it can accurately reveal the actual risk of air pollution and identify areas and populations at high risk of air pollution, which in turn provides a scientific basis for proposing planning policies to reduce urban PM2.5 and improve urban spatial equity.

In previous studies, planners have debated extensively whether compact development can improve air quality in urban areas. Most of them estimated pollution exposure with stationary census data that linked exposures solely to residential locations, therefore overlooking residents' space-time inhalation of air pollutants. In this study, we conducted an air pollution exposure assessment by scrutinizing one-hour resolution population distribution maps derived from hourly smartphone data and air pollutant concentrations derived from inverse distance weighted interpolation. We selected Wuhan as the study area and used Pearson correlation analysis to explore the effect of compactness on population-weighted concentrations. The results showed that even if a compact urban form helps to reduce pollution concentrations by decreasing vehicle traveling miles and tailpipe emissions, higher levels of building density and floor area ratios may increase population-weighted exposure. With regard to downtown areas with high population density, compact development may locate more people in areas with excessive air pollution. In all, reducing density in urban public centers and developing a polycentric urban structure may aid in the improvement of air quality in cities with compact urban forms.

近年来,城市热岛、空气污染加剧严重影响人体健康,城市设计导则作为城市空间形态设计的指引框架,对热岛、空气污染等微气候环境改善可望产生积极作用。尝试从营造健康的微气候环境角度对城市设计导则提出优化策略:（1）首先,阐述改善热岛和污染的3种途径（控源-流通-汇集）;（2）然后,梳理现行城市设计导则基本框架,并从中提炼出8类与微气候环境密切相关的关联要素;（3）接着,分别对总则与专项设计、总体城市设计、区段城市设计和地块城市设计4个编制层次给出具体的导则优化策略,并提出城市空间系统优化思路;（4）最后,指出未来需要在增加气候分析、片区分类引导、加强实施管理等方面继续探索。

出行方式管理是城市防疫抗疫工作中的一项重大公共事务,新冠疫情期间,武汉市实施了最严格的个人出行管制,并控制、封闭了进出武汉的大通道。文章基于城市居民线下娱购出行方式视角,应用2018—2019年出行调查数据,对选择机制展开了多项Logit建模,总结了武汉市疫情期间出行管控的积极效用。研究认为:管控效用的发挥分为了两个重要阶段,其标志分别为"停运禁行公交及小汽车、封闭公路通道""社区管制、家庭自我隔离"。武汉市创造性地发展了一套"基于购物单元的网选需求共递"举措,用线上网购与合并运输的形式,有效地补充了出行管控期间,居民线下基本生活的购物不足。武汉市渐进解除步行和公交车出行方式管控,将释放购买蔬菜生鲜和日用品的线下购物需求,促进社区商业网点及大型零售商业中心的业务回暖,改善武汉市中低收入人群出行质量。解除管控过程须重点关注60岁以上老年男性、18岁以下中小学生、公交站点密集地带。研究建议优先解禁电动车和自行车,对中小学开学前的学习用品实施需求管理。研究结论为全球新冠肺炎防治的"中国方案"和"武汉经验",补充了理论认知与解释。

This article systematically connects the functional and institutional spaces of a city-region by revealing their spatial structures, and relationships under China's city-regionalization. Our study constructs functional and institutional networks, particularly framing the latter through news reported on social media for intercity cooperation, compares these networks and investigates their relationships through perusing regional spatial planning, documents, and news coverage, and in-depth interview. The Pearl River Delta has been examined to contribute to the theoretical debates surrounding the relationships between functional and institutional spaces. We found that although the PRD's functional space manifests as a polycentric structure centered on Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Dongguan, institutional space is more polycentric than functional space, with Shenzhen and Guangzhou at the core. Second, the numeral relations indicate a high positive correlation between functional and institutional networks. Third, top-down upper state-imposed governance and bottom-up spontaneous city-to-city coalition synergistically give rise to the distinct scenarios of relationships between functional and institutional spaces.

现有研究普遍认为农作物产量、耕地面积对农业总产值具有正向促进作用,关于化肥施用量对农业总产值的影响则存在分歧,而农业专业合作社对农业总产值的影响则鲜有研究。为验证上述结论并弥补研究缺失,文章以武汉市7个行政区为数据统计单元,以2007-2017年为数据分析时段,利用SPSS相关分析与多元回归分析技术,检验农作物产量、耕地面积及化肥施用量探究新增农民专业合作社数量与农业总产值的关系。研究发现:①农作物产量及耕地面积对农业总产值有近似正向线性促进作用;②多因素共同影响下,武汉市各行政区化肥施用量与农业总产值呈负相关性;③武汉市各行政区农民专业合作社年增量与农业总产值呈现三次函数关系。研究建议:持续地增投合理数量的农民专业合作社,是武汉市各行政区当前行之有效的农业总产值提升手段。研究对乡村振兴的启示:调控年新增农民专业合作社数量在恰当区间时,其对乡村振兴有积极推动作用,但增量不足或过度新建则有可能给乡村振兴造成反效果。

The synergetic development of urban and rural construction land is always an important issue. We propose a collaborative optimization model (COMRU) of rural residential land consolidation and urban construction land expansion, which is a coupling model of cellular automata (CA), genetic algorithms (GA), and the Lewis turning point theory. This model regards the rural population transfer as a scenario and generates a new quantity and space allocation system for the population and the land-use types in the study area. The optimized result will balance the development of urban and rural construction lands to ultimately reduce the income gap between urban and rural areas and promote the rationality of the spatial distribution of urban and rural construction lands. We applied COMRU to Huangpi District in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, People's Republic of China and obtained three important results: (1) After optimization, the scattered rural settlements were effectively consolidated and large amounts of land resources were released, thereby supplementing cultivated and urban construction lands; (2) The urban rural income ratio decreased significantly, indicating a considerable reduction in the income gap between the urban and rural areas; (3) The structure and function of the construction lands were improved, leading to the improved equity of urban and rural public services. The final space optimization allocation program generated by COMRU provides a reference for the sequence of rural settlement consolidation and urban spatial planning.

作为中部崛起的战略支点,湖北省在国土空间的开发、保护、整治上面临着极大的机遇与挑战。对2016年湖北省土地利用数据进行分析,揭示了湖北省国土空间的现状特征,结合其与自然、经济、政策等因素的互动关系,深入探讨了国土空间的形成机制:自然本底条件限定农业和生态空间分布,重大产业布局促进城镇空间集聚开发,交通基础设施建设引导城镇空间轴向拓展,重大省级战略实现国土的差异化开发与保护。研究有助于丰富对国土空间演变规律的认识,为构建协调、可持续的省域国土空间格局提供依据。在此基础上,提出了构建"三江四山千湖一平原"保护格局和"一主两副多轴带多节点"开发格局的优化建议。

In recent years, haze pollution has become a serious environmental problem affecting cities in China. Reducing PM2.5 concentrations through urban planning is a promising method that has been a focus of recent multidisciplinary research. Most existing studies only analyze the relationship between urban planning factors and PM2.5 concentration, and it is difficult to accurately reflect residents’ actual air pollution exposure without considering their space–time behaviors. This study uses satellite remote sensing and location service data to measure PM2.5 pollution exposure in Wuhan metropolitan area and explores the effects of urban spatial structure, land use, spatial form, transportation, and green space on pollution exposure. The results show that spatial structure, building density, road density, and green space coverage have a significant impact on PM2.5 pollution exposure. In addition, this study proposes corresponding implications for urban planning to improve public respiratory health. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

Noise pollution poses negative impacts on public health particularly for urban dwellers as the land use of cities is prone to producing more road traffic and various human activities. Among the existing literature, the pathways linking built environment characteristics and noise level are not sufficiently addressed owing to a variety of complex factors affecting noise in urban areas. This study aims to examine the relationships of urban built environment and noise, using Pearson correlations and multiple linear regressions. Built environmental factors considered for this study consist of land cover, land use, and urban form. Results reveal a significant association between three aspects of urban built environment and noise level. In terms of land cover, forest alleviates noise effectively, while the effect of grassland on noise is far less impactful than forest. High-density and high-rise building areas (HHBA) are two contributors to noise pollution. The spatial layout of residential buildings is more effective in reducing noise level, as compared to the size of the residential lands. In terms of land use, the area proportion of business, open space with hard pavement, industrial, and residential land uses positively influence noise level. In terms of urban form, controlling building density is a key measure in noise reduction. Buildings with larger site coverage and complex shapes are effective in noise reduction. Findings from this study would be very helpful to formulate and implement effective measures for noise pollution mitigation, and ensure sustainable development of urban environment.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd