近年来,地下建筑的发展与投入使用数量飞速增长。如何营造室内舒适的热环境,使室内气候无限逼近人体舒适气候是地下建筑热工设计不可避免的问题。根据《民用建筑热工设计规范》（GB 50176-2016）,目前地下建筑主要针对围护结构保温构造进行热工设计。但地下建筑存在其特殊性以及构造复杂性,针对室内热环境的研究还未形成统一的技术规程,工程中对地下空间的节能技术与构造做法受到了限制,这也导致了不同的地下建筑的热工设计大同小异。在这样的背景下,本文以我国西北地区主要城市作为研究对象,针对现行标准规范中对地下建筑热工设计以及节能设计所提出的保温设计方法进行分析探讨,并使用优化后的保温设计方法对比结果,为西北地区地下建筑的保温设计方法优化提供参考。同时,采用能耗模拟软件对具体建筑数值模型在不同地区的建筑能耗进行模拟分析,得到的节能效果及节能潜力结果可为地下建筑在西北地区的地区适应性提供借鉴。本研究主要内容如下:（1）对所选取的西北地区五个典型城市的气候进行了分析,主要包括全年室外空气温度等。同时也对五个城市的实际地温进行了探讨,并与室外空气温度以及热工规范所给出的室外最冷月平均温度进行了对比,结果呈现出较大的差别,为研究的可行性提供了数据支撑。并且对比了目前主流的建筑能耗模拟软件并最终选取De ST作为模拟工具,并对其主要特点及优势进行了介绍。（2）选用热工规范配套软件线传热系数计算软件Ptemp作为主要计算工具,以简化的外保温构造墙体为研究对象,基于上述对实际地温以及由热工规范确定的地下建筑围护结构保温设计室外计算参数进行的对比分析,提出一种基于目前地下建筑围护结构保温设计方法综合考虑室外侧土壤地温缓冲层的优化设计方法,并以各城市实际地温作为室外计算参数对两种方法进行对比。其中,确定以1.6m的厚度作为土壤缓冲层,并以内表面温度与保温层厚度的关系作为对比两种方法的主要结果。通过结果发现,是否考虑土壤缓冲层影响以及实际地温作为室外计算参数对结果影响很大,运用优化后的计算模型与热工规范的计算模型得出的内表面温度差值很大,最大可达10℃以上。然后对优化后的计算模型所得出的结果进行了回归分析,得到简化的外墙外保温构造中保温层厚度与外墙内表面的关系式,回归方程具有较高的相关性。（3）以西安建筑科技大学某实际建筑的地下一层为主要研究对象,通过模拟加测试的研究方法,研究该建筑地下空间室内热环境的实际情况并对数值模型进行验证。并以《公共建筑节能设计标准》（GB 50189-2015）中对地下建筑的外墙保温性能要求为基础,不断增加以水泥抹灰和钢筋混凝土为主要结构层的外墙外保温体系中XPS保温层厚度,研究同一建筑模型在五个城市、两个气候区的热负荷水平以及房间节能潜力。并且通过结果发现,在满足节能标准的最低保温限值要求下,严寒地区城市西宁的全年累计热负荷指标为10.66 k W·h/m~2,低于寒冷地区城市西安（11.53）、兰州（12.69）以及银川（13.33）,且五个城市地下建筑外墙最佳传热系数为0.32 W/（m~2·K）。并且通过节能贡献率指标J对各地区地下空间的节能潜力进行了分析,各城市节能率在14.2%～46.21%之间。结果表明严寒地区地下建筑能耗并不一定大于寒冷地区,且越寒冷的地区节能率更大,节能潜力越大。

Integrating the design of insulation, heat storage, and solar heating can help to improve indoor thermal environment during winter in Western China. However, insulation at night is often overlooked for Trombe walls (TWs). The present study considers a panel curtain installed in the cavity to enhance the preservation of heat of TWs at night. The effects of the structural parameters related to insulation inside the cavity on the TWs were analyzed in Western China and a design approach for insulation inside the cavity was proposed. In addition, the indoor air temperature of a TW with a built-in panel curtain (CTW) mom was analyzed. The results indicate that the heat efficiency in the nighttime can be significantly improved by setting a panel curtain in the air cavity. Low emissivity film should be attached to the closed cavity side. The emissivity of the panel curtain's exterior surface plays an important role in the closed cavity and the effect is more significant with low emissivity. The optimum thickness depends on the climate, i.e., 0.02-0.06 m for a large solar radiant heat loss ratio (SHLR), 0.02-0.05 m for a medium SHLR, and 0.02-0.04 m for a low SHLR. The thickness of the circulated cavity should be larger than 0.07 m, and the effect varies within a small range when the thickness exceeds 0.1 m. A panel curtain can significantly improve the indoor air temperature in a CTW mom.

Straw bales are used increasingly as rural building material due to their relatively low thermal conductivity and availability as a local product. The U-value is a key parameter for evaluating thermal performance of building walls. The present study investigated the effects of different structural details concerning straw bale joints (SBJs), rebar arrangements, and various finishes on U-values for SBWs using the guarded hot box method. Firstly, modification coefficient was proposed to qualitatively evaluate SBJs, results showed that R-value for straw bales without SBJs was more than three times that of straw bales with SBJs, the optimal U-value was achieved for straw bale wall (SBW) when the inner pressure was 1386 N. Secondly, for rebar arrangements, the SBW with three bars yielded the minimum U-value of 0.53 W.m(-2).K-1. Lastly, we found that plastering improved thermal performance of SBW by increasing the air tightness of the wall, and U-values for SBWs with plate tended to be larger than those with plastering attributed to that the uneven surface of the straw bales resulted in an incomplete contact between the plate and the straw bales, causing convective heat transfer, giving rise to U-values of SBWs. Thus, we recommend that clay or lime plaster should be attached to the straw bales first, before installing an exterior plate. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

为研究城市形态和地表性质对城市地表热岛效应的影响,以西安市为例,基于Landsat8遥感影像和建筑矢量数据,采用局地气候分类（Local climate zone, LCZ）方法,对主城区进行LCZ划分.通过Landsat8遥感影像反演夏季地表温度,研究不同类型LCZ内地表温度的分布特征,同时选取14个地块分析地表热岛强度,通过计算建成区LCZ的城市形态参数分析城市形态对地表热岛效应的影响,采用的参数包括:建筑密度（Building surface fraction, BSF）、绿地率（Ratio of green space, GSP）以及下垫面粗糙度（Height of roughness elements, HRE）.结果表明:建成区LCZ地表温度整体高于地表性质LCZ,但温度变化更稳定;建成区LCZ内,高密度的建筑区域地表温度高于低密度区域;地表性质LCZ内,水体温度最低,3种植被型LCZ地表温度低于其余两类LCZ,裸地温度最高;建成区LCZ地块内,高密度的高层建筑和较高的绿化率能够降低地表温度,缓解地表热岛强度;地表性质LCZ地块中水体和林地的地表热岛强度较低.在城市规划中合理的增加水体和绿化的布置,降低建筑密度同时在室外人流密集的区域设置遮阳设施将有利于缓解地表热岛效应.

Phase change material (PCM) coupled with night ventilation (NV) is regarded as a promising cooling strategy. The suitability of PCM coupled with NV in transition and hot seasons of 10 cities in Western China was investigated based on a non-air-conditioned office building. The optimum phase change temperature (PCT) and the cooling potential of PCM coupled with NV in transition and hot seasons were determined by numerical investigations using EnergyPlus. The results showed that the optimum PCT for the 10 selected cities varied from 23 °C to 29 °C. PCM coupled with NV was suitable for application in all of the selected cities, but the PCM strategy was the best choice for the transition season in cities in severe cold zone. Applying PCM coupled with NV strategy could reduce the discomfort hours in the transition season by at least 16% compared with NV alone. In addition, the favorable outdoor air dry-bulb temperature (T_out) for the application of PCM coupled with NV was obtained for the selected cities in Western China, which had the following characteristics: (1) the diurnal temperature difference (ΔT) exceeded 6.8 °C, (2) the average value (T_ave) was close to 27 °C, (3) the minimum value (T_min) was 2.7 °C lower than the optimum PCT and the maximum value (T_max) was 1.7 °C higher than the optimum PCT.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd

建筑围护结构结合相变蓄热材料能够大幅提升其蓄热性能,削弱室外温度波动对室内热环境的不利影响,有助于充分利用自然气候资源。由于相变材料的变物性特征,相变墙体和传统围护结构的热工性能存在显著差异。基于人工控制环境下的缩尺模型实验,对比分析了在室内外双向周期性热作用下,相变墙体不同材料层顺序（相变蓄热层、保温层、结构层）对其热工性能的影响。结果表明,当墙体材料层顺序由外向内分别为"保温层-结构层-相变蓄热层"时,实验小室室内空气温度峰值最小。分析了在不同材料层顺序下相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数,结果表明当墙体的材料层顺序由外向内分别为"相变蓄热层-保温层-结构层"及"保温层-结构层-相变蓄热层"时,相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数分别为4. 39 W/（m~2·K）和4. 13 W/（m~2·K）,均大于采用材料层顺序由外向内为"相变蓄热层-结构层-保温层"的相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数。内表面蓄热系数计算结果与相变墙体热工性能实验结果相符,能够准确体现相变墙体内表面蓄热性能及其对室内热环境的影响。

Previous studies of the effects of regional climate conditions on urban heat islands (UHIs) focused mostly on surface UHIs, whereas few considered canopy layer UHIs. In the present study, a numerical modeling method is used to investigate the impacts of regional climate conditions on canopy layer UHIs at the district scale while controlling for the urban morphology. The urban morphology is classified according to the local climate zone (LCZ) system as LCZ1-LCZ6. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the urban heat island intensity (UHII) show that the nighttime and daytime UHII are most significantly correlated with the air temperature and wind speed, respectively. In five typical cities, LCZ1 has the most obvious urban heat island (UHI) effect, with an average annual UHII of 1–2.3 °C, which is about 1.5 times that for LCZ4. Reducing the building density has more significant influence on mitigating the UHI effect, where reducing the building height and building density reduce the heat island degree-hours (HIdh) by about 20% and 30%, respectively. The relationships between the UHII and meteorological conditions vary among different periods. For example, the correlation between UHII and average wind speed is more significant in the winter and at night. Our results help to understand the relationships between regional climate conditions and the canopy layer UHI at the district scale. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

室外气候条件、室内热环境设定基准、围护结构的热工性能等对建筑围护结构节能评价的结果有重要影响。本文基于人体热适应从度时数角度提出了围护结构节能贡献率评价方法,建立了围护结构节能贡献率权衡判断方法。首先,利用有限差分法获得了相变蓄热墙体热容法模型和房间传热模型的离散方程,其次编写了自然室温和围护结构节能贡献率的求解程序。最后,以1个居住房间为研究对象,利用围护结构节能贡献率对BioPCMs相变材料在寒冷地区7个城市的应用效果进行了评价。结果表明:寒冷A区围护结构节能贡献率大于寒冷B区,拉萨地区标准房间围护结构节能贡献率最大,济南地区标准房间围护结构节能贡献率最小;对7个城市而言,所选相变材料均能够提高围护结构调节度时数,基于权衡判断法可知相变蓄热墙体房间围护结构均满足现行节能设计标准。本文开发的相变蓄热墙体传热计算模块将集成到De ST3. 0中。

太阳辐射是影响城市室外热环境的关键气象要素。在西安建筑科技大学校园内18个具有不同街道形态特征的地点进行了太阳辐射日总值实测,并利用百度地图平台获取了街道全景图。利用PTgui和Rayman模型软件对全景图进行分析后获取了鱼眼图像、天空开阔度（SVF,Sky view factor）和树木遮挡水平（TVF,Tree view factor）数据,在每个测点利用鱼眼图像与SVF分别采用两种不同的计算方法对该测点的太阳总辐射日总值进行了计算,并依据TVF对每个测点进行了分类。将计算结果与实测结果对比后,结合分类结果,发现在TVF较大（TVF≥0. 3）和较小（TVF ＜0. 3）的点分别采用不同的方法,得出的计算值与实测值更接近。综上,为了保证计算结果的准确性,在进行测试城市中不同地点的太阳辐射日总值计算时,应依据测点的环境形态特征选取不同的计算方法。

Recently, the construction of energy efficiency buildings has been one of the main objectives of sustainable development, especially for areas with extreme climate. In present study, the adaptive thermal comfort and climate responsive strategies in dry–hot and dry–cold areas were investigated with field measurement and questionnaire in the Turpan basin, China. First, the adaptive thermal comfort model was established to reveal the relationship between indoor thermal comfort conditions and outdoor climate. Then, the climate responsive strategies which helped residents adapt to harsh climate were concluded. The prototype of climate responsive dwellings is proposed. Finally, the effects of these strategies were investigated by field measurement of indoor thermal environment in two demonstration houses and evaluated by the proposed thermal comfort model. The results showed that residents in the Turpan basin exhibited better adaptability to the hot climate than the cold climate with the upper limits of 80% acceptability reaching 34 °C. The heavy structure envelope and constructional patterns based on the thermal adaptive behaviors of residents could improve indoor thermal environment. In summer, semi-basement was the most effective strategy to satisfy human thermal comfort, followed by night ventilation. The indoor air temperature in semi-basement was around 31 °C while outdoor temperature exhibited diurnal variation of 15.7 °C from 28.6 °C to 44.3 °C. In winter, passive solar heating and semi-basement were both effective. The indoor air temperature was higher in the bedroom located at the south semi-basement compared with other rooms. The study can provide new thoughts for designing climate friendly buildings in dry-hot and dry-cold areas. © 2019